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- 1Freud was born in1856 in Freiberg Moravia (Germany) now
the Czech Republic - 2Freud spent 80 years inVienna Australia
- 3He was the eldest sonof 8 (Oedipus complex could have been constructed as a result of parental favouritism towards Freud)
- 4Freud studiedmedicine (specializing in neurology) but wasn’t as interested in treating patients as he was in academic physiology
- 5Freud worked withCharcot, and studied hypnosis for nervous illnesses such as hysteria
- 6Freud believed hypnosisWasn’t a good enough explanation for nervous disorders, and developed the ‘talking cure’ (psychoanalysis)
- 71. Freud’s Theory of Personality (subcategories)- Levels of Consciousness
- Nature of human beings and the source of human motivation
- Structure of Personality
- Development of Personality - 8Freud Categories1. Theory of Personality
2. Defence Mechanisms
3. Clinical Applications of Freudian Theory
4. Evaluation of Freudian Theory - 91.Freud’s Theory of Personality: Levels of Consciousness: Freud disagreed strongly withthe rational view of human beings and suggestion that unconscious thoughts were weaker than conscious ones.
Instead he suggested there are different levels of consciousness - 101. Theory of Personality Levels of consciousness: Structural TheoryDistinguishes between conscious thought, preconscious mind and the unconscious mind
- 11Conscious thought consists ofmaterial we are actively aware of at any given time
- 12Preconscious mind consists ofpreconscious material that despite being unconscious this instant, can be recalled into our conscious mind when required E.g. what you did yesterday
- 13Unconscious mind consists ofmaterial we're unaware of because it is constantly being kept in the unconscious e.g. thoughts, memories, feelings, urges, fantasies
- 14Freud argued thoughts are kept in the unconsciousbecause of their unacceptable nature e.g. a sexual desires, aggressive urges
- 15A thought enters the unconscious throughRepression. It is a non-conscious act – we don’t decide what resides in the unconscious
- 16Rather than clear cut divisions between unconscious/consciousthere are different levels within each.
E.g. repression may weaken so that previously unconscious material becomes conscious. - 17Unconscious material is usually in a modified formLike dreams
- 18Freud sees Drugs/alcohol asDisinhibitors: therefore under the influence, unconscious thoughts are more likely to emerge into consciousness
e.g. quite student becoming loud and aggressive when drinking. - 19Freud compared the content of the mindto an iceberg (conscious + preconscious are small sections above the surface)
- 20Theory of Personality: Levels of Unconscious: Dreams:Referred to as the ‘Royal Road’ to the unconscious
- 21Freud believed dreams weredirect routes into the unconscious mind
- 22There are two important elements to dreams 1. Manifest ContentManifest content = description of the dream as recalled by the dreamer
(Not a true representation of unconscious as dreamer unconsciously censors parts
Or uses symbols to represent key elements to avoid being disturbed by their recall) - 232. Latent ContentTask of the analyst to identify latent content (real meaning).
- 24Freud identified some commonly occurring symbols in dreams (much being sexual in nature)Snakes and knives symbolise the penis.
Staircase and ladder = sexual intercourse
Baldness and tooth extraction = fear of castration
Robbers = a father figure
E.g. a dream with manifest content of = climbing a ladder is actually about sexual intercourse - 25Freud used dream analysis as a way of exploring unconscious conflictsHe would get patients to keep dream diaries. During sessions the patient would report the manifest content, Freud would analyse and uncover latent content to access the patient’s unconscious mind
- 26Freud’s theory of dreams is 'discredited' by REM sleep (biologically driven)However areas of the brain involved in dreaming are also associated with instinct and emotion (solms 1997)
- 27Freud suggested different thinking styles associated with levels of consciousnessPrimary and Secondary Process Thinking
- 28Primary Process Thinkingrepresented by dreams (irrational mental activity).
The logically impossible becomes possible in our dreams. This is a result of being partly governed by the pleasure principle,an instinct to actively avoid displeasure, pain and upset.
Therefore dreams (primary process thinking) serves the function of keeping us asleep by presenting our unconscious desires as being fulfilled (pleasure principle). - 29Secondary process thinkingis logical and organised rational thought governed by the reality principle.
We operate according to the actual situation in the external world and the facts as we see them. This is the characteristic of conscious and preconscious thought.
Freud suggested the pleasure principle is an innate, primitive instinct driving our behaviour whereas the reality principle is learned as we grow up
and is said to involve a combination of primary/secondary process thinking - 301. Theory of Personality: The Nature of Human Beings and the Source of Human MotivationFreud’s personality theory was established at a time in which Darwin’s evolutionary theory was dominant!
- 31Nature of Human Beings and Source of Human Emotion: Freud assumed each child is born witha fixed amount of mental energy (libido) which in time becomes the basis of adult sexual drives
- 32Freud emphasised both the child’s biological inheritance and environmental factors Biological inheritance= instinctual drives (libido and pleasure principle)
- 33Libido: Environmental factors= developmental experiences
- 34Freud distinguishes between two types of drives1. Sexual drives = governed by libido
2. Life preserving drives = e.g. hunger and pain
Both of these were conceptualised as leading to the prolongation of life.
In late 1920s Freud suggested we also possess a self-destruct instinct (Thanatos)
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- Undergraduate Degree Psychology Flashcards on Untitled, created by lauradavies94 on 01/02/2014.
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