Flashcards
AOS 2
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1AssociationA learned connection between two objects or events that especially significant in classical conditioning.
- 2Classical ConditioningWhereby an animal or other organism can passively learn to show a naturally occurring reflex action, such as salivation, in response to any stimulus-learning through association. Also known as Pavlov conditioning.
- 3Unconditioned ResponseThe response that occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented. The UCR is a reflexive or involuntary response as it is predictably caused by a UCS.
- 4Unconditioned StimulusAny stimulus which is consistently produces a particularly naturally occurring automatic response (e.g. food in the Pavlov's experiment).
- 5ExtinctionWhen a response no longer occurs. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented several times after the unconditioned stimulus has been withdrawn. In operate conditioning, the response will be extinguished after being shown several times without reinforcement.
- 6The Little Albert ExperimentThe Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans and operant conditioning in humans.
- 7Neutral StimulusThe name given to the conditioned stimulus before it become conditioned. It is referred to as a neutral stimulus while it fails to produce a response.
- 8Spontaneous RecoveryThe re-appearance of an extinguished response after a rest period.
- 9Stimulus discriminationWhen an organism responds to the conditioned stimulus but not to any stimulus which is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- 10Stimulus generalisationWhen an organism responds to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- 11Adaptive PlasticityThe ability of the brain to change, adapt and grow throughout life (diminishes with age).
- 12Developmental plasticityThe development and consolidation of neural pathways in babies. children and adolescents.
- 13Long Term DepressionThe weakening of an existing synapse over time hen frequency of electrical stimulation is required.
- 14Long Term PotentiationThe strengthening of synapses after they have been electrically stimulated at a particular frequency. Strengthening continues the same electrical frequency if fired over time..
- 15NeurohormoneA hormone that is produced by the nervous system, not endocrine glands, and that acts as a chemical messenger, e.g. noradrenaline.
- 16Synaptic plasticityThe ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
- 17SynaptogenesisThe process of moulding or forming new synapses
- 18A-B-C of Operate conditioningAntecedent condition - Behavior - Consequence
- 19Discriminate Stimulus (Antecedent conditions)In operate conditioning, Skinner's term for the pre-condition that indicates that a behavior will be reinforced
- 20Effective PunishmentPunishment administered in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of the behavior recurring.
- 21Negative ReinforcersIn operate conditioning, the removal, reduction or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a behavior, increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
- 22Operate conditioningA type of learning in which behavior becomes controlled by its consequences.
- 23Positive ReinforcersA consequence that strengthens a behavioral response by providing a pleasant of satisfying outcome.
- 24PunisherAny event that reduces the likelihood of a particular response occurring over time.
- 25ReinforcerAny event that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response occurring over time.
- 26Response CostA form of punishment that occurs when something desirable is removed (e.g. removing a mobile phone if misused)
- 27AttentionMust be paid to the model's behaviour and its consequence. This is a cognitive aspect of observational learning.
- 28ModellingTendency for a person to copy the behaviour or attitude that is demonstrated by another persons (also known as observational learning)
- 29MotivationWhen the learner must want to imitate the learnt behaviour. This depends on whether the learner belives that there will be a dersirable consequence (reinforcement) for reprouduing it.
- 30Observational LearningWhere a person learns by watching the behaviour demonstrated by another; originally called social learning theory.
- 31ReinforcementWhen there is a prospect of a positive result for initiating the behaviour, it is likely the leanrer will do so.
- 32RetentionThe learnt behaviour must be stored in memory as a mental representation so that the observed learning can be utilised at a later time.
- 33Social LearningDescribes the way in which people acquire certain behaviours by watching and learning from their role models; the initial focus f observational learning.
- 34AmygdalaAn almond-shaped structure, located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that is central in emotion, aggression and implicit learning.
- 35Cerebellum
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- Year 12 Psychology Flashcards on AOS 2 , created by Marissa Magias on 28/03/2017.
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- Marissa Magias · Mar 2017
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- Apr 24, 2017
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