Flashcards
Cognition
Cards in this deck (12)
- 1What is Episodic Memory?Personally experienced events e.g what you last watched at the cinema
(contains contextual info: where you were, who you were with, what happened etc) - 2Define Autonoetic awarenessA feeling of reliving the past - mental time travel
(part of Episodic memory) - 3What are the 3 processes of Episodic Memory?1: Encoding= Acquisition of information e.g. studying for a test
2: Retrieval = Being able to recall or recognise prior learning
3: Representation of a past experience - although not really a process - 4Who came up the the "Levels of Processing" theory, and what to they believe?Craik & Lockhart (1972)
- You recall how you processed the event
- There is shallow and deep levels of processing information
- Deeper processing leads to better recall - 5Explain the Levels of Processing experiment by Craik and Tulving (1975)List of unrelated words e.g. bat, coffee
shallow= word upper or lower case?
intermediate= word rhyme with hat?
deep= meaning: "The man ate the....."
Participants asked if they had previously seen the word "BAT"
Results: Deep processing = better recognition - 6Describe Morris, Bransford & Franks (1977) experimentSemantic encoding - association
Phonological encoding - rhyme
Standard test - pick out old words
Rhyme test - pick out words that rhyme with old words
Results: Standard = semantic is better
Rhyme= phonological is better
- Morris et al: better performance for study and test the same - 7What are the problems with the "Levels of Processing" theory?- Benefits of semantic processing depends on nature of test (Morris et al)
- Assumes processing levels are sequential when in fact they might be parallel
- No way to measure 'depth' - 8What is the Elaboration Hypothesis?The idea that you are more likely to remember something if it can be related to something you already know
(Relates to Semantic processing - semantic is more elaborate than non-semantic) - 9How does Craik & Tulving (1975) relate to the Elaboration Hypothesis?Participants in the deep processing group, were found to have LoP effect and congruency i.e. words that were in sensible sentences were better remembered
- 10Explain the congruity effectCongruent information enriches (and elaborates) the encoding of a word in a way that incongruent/nonsensical words can't
- 11What is the Distinctiveness Theory?Memory depends on how well it stand out in your mind/ how distinctive it is
e.g. Bransford et al (1979)
A mosquito is like a doctor because both draw blood - will be remembered over-
A mosquito is like a racoon because they both have a head, legs and jaws - 12Describe Hunt & Elliot's 1980 studySemantic processing leads to better memory because it increases the distinctiveness
Items are likely to be more distinct in their meaning vs physical features
e.g. elephant has 3 vowels in it
D= elephant is a large grey animal
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- Psychology Flashcards on Cognition , created by Ellen Cann on 06/04/2017.
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- Ellen Cann · Apr 2017
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- Apr 6, 2017
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