Flashcards
Henry VII summary
Cards in this deck (40)
- 1Battle of Bosworth-1485
-Lord Stanley changed sides at the battlefield to support Henry Tudor against Richard III (current king of England.) VII had support from France and Brittany where he had been in exile.
-Richard III was killed at the battle
-VII pronounced himself king the day before the battle - 2Consolidation of power-VII usurped the throne.
-Weak claim to the throne though his mother (Margaret Beaufort) who was a decedent of Edward III
- Richard unpopular due to the disappearance of the princes in the tower
- unsuccessful rebellion by Duke of Buckingham further weakened Richard's claim - 3Accession of Henry VII1485
-Won the crown by right of conquest so loyalty was not guaranteed
- Lancaster and York rivalry.
-York faction continued through De la Pole brothers
- death pf nobility let to return of crown lands to King - 4Threats to VII accession-Yorkist De la Pole brothers (Earl of Lincoln and Suffolk) who had a claim
-Margaret of Burgundy who supported Yorkist rebellions and a powerful trading partner with England
- Only child so no threat of family rivalry - 5Characteristics-Successful soldier
- Had French alliances
- Not brought up to rule
-respected, but not popular
-Constant fear of rebellion
-more feared than loved - 6Objectives as King1) Establish and secure his right to the throne
2) Strengthen royal gov by better control of nobility
3) Increase national power and finance - 71) Establish and secure his right to the throne-Public ceremony a week before Parliament so no one could say P helped secure his claim, confirm his rule and the churches/God's approval
-Nobility swear an oath of loyalty
-Acted quickly^^
-Coronation before marriage to Elizabeth of York (1486); created the Tudor rose (York and Lancaster)
-Had 2 sons: Arthur and Henry
-Summoned Parliament
-Went on a royal progress around kingdom - 82) Strengthen royal gov by better control of nobility-Supporters in Battle of B well rewarded
e.g Lord Stanley became Earl of Derby and VII mother as a wife
- John Morton became Lord Chancellor till 1500, Archbishop of Canterbury and cardinal.
-Did not give away land
- Personal gov- acted independently - 9Role of Parliament-Parliament had a limited role= just to pass laws the King wanted or give additional taxes
-Parliament use infrequently and ignore
-Saw P not as a challenged to his power but to serve his interests and keep subjects obedient.
- keep subjects under control though acts of attainders - 10Royal council-Place where VII most trusted supporters gave him advice and take on day-to-day management of kingdom
- Around 150 men
- met on Kings accords
-No written rules governing its procedures - 11England in 1485-total population: 3 million
-90% lived in rural areas
-local culture was important
-open field arable farming was common
-concerns about enclosures. amount of enclosures did not increase in VII reign.
-engrossing: joining several farms together to make one unit.
-divine right of kings - 12cloth industry 1485-Linked with Antwerp
-wool industry created most wealth
-very dependent on the trade
-Spain, Venice and Roman Empire had bigger and better trade industries
-export of wool was 30% lower at end off reign
-60% more wool transported to Europe - 13English society-great chain of being was ordered by God
-social status&religion dominated society
-50 nobles with large areas of land and rules of primogeniture (eldest son inherits everything)
- successful monarch cooperated well with nobles as the maintained local law and order for the king to gain status
-VII gave hardly any titles- only 3 Earls
- England was more unified than other European countries such as England having a common law and a set language - 14Catholic church-Owned 1/3 of land
-had church courts though legal system
-Pope was head of the church
-England was fully integrated in a international catholic church
-Religion was key due to short lives so people believed in heaven - 15catholic characteristics-Pope was seen as head of church
-Bible in Latin
-Appearance of the church was key
-churchmen not allowed to marry
- believe in seven sacraments to show faith to God
-attend church regularly - 16Renaissance and Humanism-improve education and training of clergymen
-education key to improvements in society
-100+ schools set up in 15th century
-VII encouraged humanism e.g poet John Skelton
-VII children education reflected Renaissance teaching
-Involved in religious debate due to concerns over the poor and laity(untrained preists) training
-corrupt clergy who sold indulgences for personal profit
-Erasmus work published encouraging reform within clergy/laity/church - 17Invention of printing-More could read and write- not just clergy
- created standardization across country
-Humanist books increasingly printed
-VII&VIII preferred non-humanist books
-wider culture established
-lead to cultural Renaissance of E1 reign - 18Exploration-Spain(Columbus) and Portugal began exploring new continents
-Europe did not know of America
-Non catholic continents found which questioned religion
-new resources & opinions brought back
- VII to concerned to security to explore - 19problems facing VII1)nobles wealth and power made potential rivals
2) uneven distribution of power across the country
3) poor finances of the crown
-VII managed gov independently rather than use advisers- - 201)nobles wealth and power made potential rivals- Key familys (Warwick&Buckingham) headed by children due to deaths
-tried reducing his reliance on nobility.
-Nobility relied on land, wealth and support to stay independent form the king-VII targeted all of these
-attainder's (declare guilty of treason without a trial) on Battle of Bosworth opposition
- number of nobles fell 25% in his reign due to reduced patronage.
-Crown lands restored all land back to monarch that was given away before Battle of Bosworth
-1485+1504: acts against retraining
-Financial bonds put nobles in debt to crown. paid off for good behavior
-established Council learned to act as royal debt collectors - 212) uneven distribution of power across the country-JPs created and responsible for law and order. met 4 times a year to deal with serious crimes.
-created local governments in Wales and Northern county's
- personal gov by the king and his advisers in court.
-Royal council set up
-Star chamber 1487-prosecute anyone who behaved in a rebellious manner. - 223) poor finances of the crown-Moved form Exchequer to Privy chamber for more personal overlook of finance
- Council learned's Empson and Dudley collect money
- new post pf surveyor of the kings ward to investigate cases of money owned to him
-Court of Audit to monitor gov spending
-Stayed out of foreign affairs
-Wanted affluent society to feel secrure
-still poor compared to France and Holy Roman Empire - 23Ordinary revenues-Act of Resumption 1486 to reclaim all crown land lost before BofB
-custom duties
-feudal dues- traditonal rights held by crown to demand money to secure good behaviour from nobles
-legal dues-fines and attainders - 24Extraordinary revenuesbonds and recognizance-debt put on nobles that was paid off though good behavior
loans and benevolences- kings right to ask for money in emergencies
clerical taxes- tax the church
parliamentary taxes- P give him money for military action or policies - 25Rebellions1489: Yorkshire rebellion against tax increase for war against France to protect Brittany
1497: Cornish rebellion against tax increase for war against Scotland
Lovell rebellion 1486
Simnel rebellion: Defeated at the Battle of Stoke 1487
Warbeck invaded three times
Edmund de la Pole fled to HRE: VII got him back by promising not to kill him - 26PretendersSimnel: pretended to be earl of Warwick, but VII produced real Earl. Margaret of Burgundy offered 20000 soldiers. spared Simnel as a spit boy in royal kitchens.
Warbeck: pretended to be Richard of York. support from Charles VIII of France, Burgundy, Ireland, James IV of Sotland. Captured and imprisoned-escaped with Earl of Warwick-both executed - 27Foreign relations-Pro-Brittany as they kept him in exile
-Spain was split by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile-needed Spain
-France was a traditional rival and a growing threat.
-Burgundy was a major trading partner but supported Yorkists and Wabeck- needed good relations
Holy Roman Empire: growing power
Italy: divided into city states- many countries tempted to invade e.g Italian wars started with Charles VIII in 1494 - 28Foreign policy aims-Create and maintain alliances with Spain, Brittany and Burgundy
-Not get involved in expensive wars
-Become recognised as a serious king
-Later focus on trade, dynastic expansion and his own succession - 29FranceTruce in 1492 - Treaty of Etaples
Began friendly as French court supported BofB. France wanted to control independence Brittany. led to Breton crisis (only time VII committed troops outside Britain) - 30Breton crisisFrance wanted control of independent Brittany. England weakened if this occurred as France would be a strong state and could ruin trade relations. VII had to help as Brittany let him live there in exile for 14yrs. Made it clear he was not challenging his right to French throne but just defending Brittany. Treaty of Etaples 1492 stopped conflict as France was more concerns with Italy, gave VII a pension and promised no support for pretenders.
- 31Scotland-Independent country who had Scot-Franco alliance giving VII N and S enemies.
-James III accepted him as king-died 2yrs later- nobles governing on behalf of James IV wanted to cause conflict-helped warbeck
-Truce in 1486- Treaty of Ayton
-Marriage between Margaret and James IV
-1502 perpetual peace - 32Spaintruce in 1489- Treaty of Medina del Campo= work together to defend lands, not support any pretenders, equal trading rights, and a pension
marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Spanish monarch.
Treaty lasted till E1 reign - 33Expanding trade and exploration-VII encouraged trade&supported voyages
-wanted to challenge Hanseatic league
-Navigation act 1486 encouraged English ships to carry English goods
-Intercusus Magnus 1496-allowed English ships to trade freely except Flanders
-Spain alliance linked to VII aim of trade with the New Wolrd(US) as Spain found it.
-claimed Newfoundland as English.
-Trade insignificant compared to Hanseatic League, Venice and Spain
-created a navy of 9 ships for son, VII - 34Foreign policy Later yearsFerdinand of Castile and Isabella of Aragon are married and have Joanna the mad. Jo marries Duke of Burgundy, Phillip. VII therefore had to choose between Spain or Burgundy. He chose Burgundy incase of possible France invasion. Spain annoyed and befriend Louis XII (France). Philip dies, Jo turns mad and leaves Burgundy to 15 year old son Archduke Charles. Spain, France and Burgundy create the League of Cambri 1508 against Venice, isolating England. Good because attention turned away from England= England not seen as an enemy
- 35how successful?+recognised ruler of England
+ No one took the throne from him
+defended England against pretenders and rebellions
+ more even control of kingdom
+nobility powers decreased
+more finance
+Had an heir to carry on Tudor dynasty
+Increased trade and exploration
+navy established
-isolated out of foreign affairs
-not popular=rebellions and pretenders
-first heir died=viii not prepared to rule
-hoarded money-didn't help the poor
-didn't expand territory like other nations
-never felt secure - 36last decades renewed instability-VII had 4 children- 2/3 sons died leaving faith of tudor dynasty on survival of VII
-Elizabeth of York's death meant no more children born in York and Lancastrian line
-Arthur's death cause problems with Spain as marriage alliance was broken- secured it with given VIII as hubby. Kept anglo-saxon alliance - 37last decades Harsh polices-Bonds and recognisances on nobility often let of after a few years showing he didn't abuse his power or threaten nobility. this did not happen in final years
-Activity of Council Learned increased and extracting money illegally
-Empson and Dudley set up spy networks
-46/62 noble families financially struggled - 38Death of VII-Died 1509
-Relief due to harsh nature
- Died respected - 39achievements+recognised ruler of England
+ No one took the throne from him
+defended England against pretenders and rebellions
+ more even control of kingdom
+nobility powers decreased
+more financially secure
+Had an heir to carry on Tudor dynasty
+Increased trade and exploration
+navy established
+more effective gov
+used propaganda well - 40Failures-Never feeling secure
-worse relations with France and Scotland
-Didn't break franco-sottish alliance
- still insignificant in trade compared to Hanseatic league and Venice
-Compared to France, England was poor
-DIdn't deal with poor
-unpopular=rebellions
-didn't expand territory
-isolated out of foreign affairs (league of Cambria 1508)
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- A level History Flashcards on Henry VII summary , created by Rebecca Green on 25/04/2017.
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