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- 1Multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) Consists of three basic stores, sensory register, short-term store and long-term store.Sensory register: Based on the five senses (seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling). Transfers to short-term by attention.
Short term: Held for roughly 15-30 seconds, unless maintained through rehearsal. Capacity of 7, give or take two items. Encoded as primarily acoustic (auditory or verbal) based on phonological similarity effect. Transfer to long-term can be a result of rehearsal or more durable memory trace by using a mnemonic.
Long-term: Can hold a potentially limitless number of memories for potentially a lifetime. Encoded as mainly semantic and temporal memories, can be lost through decay and interference. - 2Diagram of Multi Store Model of Memoryw
- 3Studies of brain damaged patients Evidence for the distinction between the two stores comes from case studies of brain damaged patients.Henry Molaison (HM) suffered amnesia following brain surgery for epilepsy. Resulted in impairment to long-term memory but short-term was still largely intact.
Clive Wearing suffered long-term memory impairment following encephalitis, but short-term remained unaffected.
Both cases the patient was unable to transfer info from short term store to long term store. Supports the distinction between the two stores as proposed by multi store model. However case studies are of individuals and so are unique meaning generalisation is difficult.
Also shows how the multi store model is overly simplistic view on long term memory. CW couldn't recall past life events however could remember how to play piano and conduct an orchestra. Also case of KC could recall facts but showed impairment for recall of personal events. Shows we may have different long-term stores for procedural memory of skills and abilities, and others for factual info and autobiographical events. - 4Evaluation of Multi store model of memory Serial position effect and codingSerial position effect: Can recall more words from the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a word list but fewer recalled from the middle of the list.
Believed that the memories at the beginning of the list have had time to be rehearsed and so memory for these words has been strengthened and transferred to long term store. Words in the middle are filling up the store while the beginning is being processed. Words at the end acted to displace the older memory trace for the middle words, leaving only the end in the short term memory store.
Difference in encoding between the two stores. Baddeley (1966) lab experiment on sequential word recall of related words. More difficult to recall semantically similar words from long-term memory compared to acoustically related words. 9.6% for similar compared to 82.1% for dissimilar words. Suggests acoustic coding in short-term store, explaining why similar sounding words are confused. - 5Alternative explanations Criticised for being overly simplistic view of memory.Fails to explain dynamic nature of short-term memory and performance on dual task experiments.
Dual task experiments show we perform poorly on dealing with similar tasks but perform well on two tasks of a different nature. E.g. worse on two verbal tasks compared to one verbal and one visual together.
Also criticised for the emphasis on rehearsal in transfer to long term store from short term. Although we do use rehearsal it is not essential for permanent learning to take place. Often unable to learn new info without consciously trying to learn them such as using imagery that leaves a strong memory trace without the need for rehearsal. - 6Working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) Noted significantly problems with multi store model, overly simplistic and emphasised rehearsal.Proposed three components, central executive that would deal with the running of memory system, and two slave systems to deal with verbal and visual info.
Role is to temporarily store and manipulate info being used. Relied on for many functions such as remembering telephone numbers and lists. However fragile and susceptible to distraction, overload (long list of items) and overwork (complicated calculations)
Central executive seen as homunculus (little man). Regarded as having limited capacity but the ability to deal with different types of info so is modality free.
Phonological loop, slave system that deals with temporary storage of verbal info. Believed to have two components, articulatory rehearsal system and the phonological store which is only able to hold limited amount of verbal info for a few seconds. But could be extended if the info was subvocalised or refreshed using the articulatory rehearsal system.
Phonological store can explain the phonological similarity effect. But for only acoustic encoding. - 7Working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) Continued.Articulatory rehearsal system was used to explain the word length effect. Where short monosyllabic words such as cat are recalled more successfully than longer polysyllabic words such as alligator. Longer words fill up the limited capacity and result in decay of words positioned earlier in the list.
Visuospatial sketchpad, second slave system described to temporarily hold and manipulate verbal and spatial info. Can deal with visuospatial info either by directly observing images or by retrieving visuospatial info from long term memory. - 8Evaluation for working memory model Neurophysiological evidence, neuroimaging and experimental evidencea
- 9Evaluation for working memory model Research into separate visual and spatial memory systems, alzheimer's and the role of central executive, episodic buffer.Significant limitation of working memory model was the inability to explain why we could store limited number of words but could store far longer sentence sequences. Word sequences in the form of sentences could be bound together by meaning and grammar that could be explained in the limited capacity of phonological loop, related to long term memory.
Also did not explain how the subcomponents interfaced with each other or the long term memory.
Introduced the episodic buffer as a limited capacity storage system that could integrate info between the subcomponents and feed into and retrieve info from long-term memory.
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- A2 Psychology (Cognitive) Flashcards on 2.1 Content, created by Clark McDonald on 17/05/2017.
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