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- 1positive reinforcementinvolves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened
- 2negative reinforcmentnegative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus
- 3punishmentPunishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it. It is an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
- 4stimulus discriminationIt involves the ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli. In both cases, it means only responding to certain stimuli but not to those that are similar.
- 5extinctionWhen operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring.
- 6behavior modification therapyBehavior modification refers to the techniques used to try and decrease or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction. Parents use this to teach their children right from wrong. Therapists use it to promote healthy behaviors in their patients. Animal trainers use it to develop obedience between a pet and its owner. We even use it in our relationships with friends and significant others. Our responses to them teach them what we like and what we don't.
- 7Continuousreinforces the desired behaviour each time it occurs. The receiving amount of the reinforcement depending on the frequency of the behaviour. E.g. when teaching a dog, a trick like to sit you would give them a treat each time they sat in response to giving them a cue.
- 8factors affecting classical conditioning1. stimulus contiguity
2. contingency
3. individuals learning history
4. preparedness (to learn) - 9stimulus contiguity(the time between presentation of CS & UCS)
- are C if they occur together in time and space
- relates to association of stimuli that repeatedly occur together in time
- maximal classic conditioning, occurs when CS precedes the UCS (allows organism prep time)
0.5 sec - 10contingencyContingency theory proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur.
- 11Fixed ratio and variable ratioFixed ratio and variable ratio depends on how much is done to earn the reinforcement. E.g. a piecemeal worker receiving payment for completing a fixed number of items, a fruit picker receiving payment according to the number of boxes of fruit etc.
- 12Stimulus Discriminationoccurs when an organism
that has a learned response to a specific stimulus does
not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are
similar to the original stimulus. - 13extinctionoccurs when a CS is presented
without the UCS causing the CR to weaken and
eventually stop occurring
is the gradual weakening or suppression of a
previously conditioned response - 14variable ratio exampleYou play a poker machine
programmed to pay off “on
average” after 20 presses.
After 8 presses you get a 10 coin
payout.
After 5 more attempts you get a 20
coin payout. But then after 40 more
presses nothing happens…You are
hooked….the next attempt might
just be the one that pays out…so
you keep playing
again…..again…..again…….. - 15exposure therapyThe goal is to show the person that the situation will
not have the expected fearful consequences.
It might help to expose the person intensively to the feared situation.
If panic attacks are involved, the person should be taught ways to control the panic attack, such as through deep breathing, or relaxation.
Sometimes biofeedback can help. - 16Systematic desensitisationSystematic desensitisation is an effective treatment for phobias in which clients are taught relaxation techniques and then asked to imagine or approach feared situations gradually.
- 17cognitive behaviour therapyIt involves learning from a therapist to
overcome the distorted, negative thinking
patterns that can lead to maladaptive
behaviours. - 18modelling processattention, retention, reproduction and motivation
- 19attentionWe must pay attention to the model’s behaviour
- 20retentionWe must retain that information to recall later
- 21REPRODUCTIONWe must be physically capable of reproducing
the model’s behaviour - 22motivationWe must be motivated to display the behaviour
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- Year 12 Psychology Flashcards on Untitled, created by larisa j on 24/05/2017.
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- larisa j
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