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Flashcards

Memory Key Terms

Cameron Langfield Psychology English 47 cards

Cards in this deck (47)

  1. 1MemoryAn active information-processing system that receives, stores, organizes and retrieves information
  2. 2EncodingThe process of converting information into a usable format (like a computer)
  3. 3StorageThe retention of information in the memory system over time
  4. 4RetrievalThe process of locating information stored in memory and bringing it to the forefront when needed
  5. 5Multi-store model of memoryThe model that visualizes memory as having multiple stores through which a stream of data flows
  6. 6Sensory MemoryFirst stage of the multi-store model of memory; it receives and stores an unlimited amount of sensory (smell, sight, hearing, touch, taste) information for up to a few seconds
  7. 7Sensory RegisterA subsystem of sensory memory that receives and stores specific sensory information received from a sense organ
  8. 8Iconic Memorysubsystem of sensory memory - receives and stores an unlimited amount of visual information in the form of a visual image for approx. 1/3 to 1/2 sec.
  9. 9Echoic MemorySubsystem of sensory memory that receives and stores an unlimited amount of auditory information in the form of an echo for up to 3-4 sec.
  10. 10Short-term Memory (STM)The second and most active memory system in the multi-store model of memory. It stores a limited amount of information entering from sensory memory or retrieved from LTM
  11. 11Magic No. 7 + or - 2The number of single items of information that the average STM can hold at any one time
  12. 12ChunkingGrouping separate items of information to form a larger single information unti (chunk) so our STM can hold more than the usual seven single items of information
  13. 13RehearsalThe active manipulation of information in STM in order to hold it for longer than the usual 18-20 sec.
  14. 14Maintenance RehearsalThe rehearsal technique involving the repetition of information a number of times so it can be held in STM for longer
  15. 15Elaborative rehearsalThe rehearsal technique involving linking new information in some meaningful way with information already stored in LTM, to hold it in STM for longer
  16. 16Elaborative rehearsalThe rehearsal technique involving linking new information in some meaningful way with information already stored in LTM, to hold it in STM for longer
  17. 17Self-referencingAn elaborative rehearsal technique involving linking new information to the self or to personal experience/s
  18. 18Serial-position effectA pattern of recall for list terms, where recall is better for items at the beginning or end of a list for
  19. 19Recency EffectThe serial-position effect where recall is best for items at the end of a list, then for items at the beginning, then for items in the middle
  20. 20Primacy EffectThe serial position effect where recall is best for the first items in the list, then for items at the end of the list, then for items in the middle of the list
  21. 21Primacy EffectThe serial position effect where recall is best for the first items in the list, then for items at the end of the list, then for items in the middle of the list
  22. 22Long-term Memory (LTM)The third memory system in the multi-store model of memory; used for relatively permanent storage of an unlimited amount of information
  23. 23Working MemoryAccording to Baddeley and Hitch, an active subsystem of STM that temporarily stores and manipulates a limited amount of information needed to perform cognitive tasks
  24. 24Phonological LoopAn area of working memory that stores a limited number of sounds (speech-based and acoustic) received from the echoic memory and/or LTM for up to two seconds unless the information is rehearsed
  25. 25Phonological StoreA subsystem of working memory’s phonological loop that holds representations of sounds for up to two seconds; known as the ‘inner ear’
  26. 26Articulatory Control SystemA subsystem of WM that briefly stores the visual and spatial information that is received from sensory memory or LTM
  27. 27Articulatory Control SystemA subsystem of WM phonological loop that holds the sounds we want to keep, or are preparing to speak, for up to 2 sec. by subvocalizing them; known as the "inner voice"
  28. 28Episodic BufferAn area of WM that briefly stores a limited amount of sound-based information from phonological loops and visual and spatial information from the visuospatial sketchpad with information retrieved from LTM, and integrates it into a single multidimensional representation or 'episode'
  29. 29Central ExecutiveAn area of working memory that monitors, coordinates and integrates information received from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer and LTM
  30. 30Levels of processingThe theory that after information leaves sensory memory, its storage varies along a continuum of levels of processing ranging from shallow to deep processing
  31. 31Shallow ProcessingProcessing information using structural encoding
  32. 32Structural EncodingEncoding information according to its basic (structural) perceptual features
  33. 33Intermediate ProcessingProcessing information according to the sound of the word used to identify the information
  34. 34Phonemic EncodingEncoding information according to the sound of the word used to identify the information
  35. 35Deep processingProcessing information using sematic encoding
  36. 36Semantic EncodingEncoding information according to its meaning
  37. 37Procedural MemoryA type of LTM for learnt activities and skills that can usually only be expressed as actions
  38. 38Declarative MemoryA type of LTM for specific factual information that can be expressed in words; subgroups are semantic and episodic memory
  39. 39Semantic MemoryA type of declarative memory for personally significant events associated with specific times and places
  40. 40Episodic memoryA type of declarative memory for impersonal factual knowledge about the world
  41. 41Semantic Network TheoryThe theory of how information in LTM is stored and organized in a hierarchical network of linked meanings
  42. 42AmnesiaA temporary or permanent, partial or complete loss of memory
  43. 43ConsolidationThe process by which a relatively permanent LTM is formed
  44. 44Consolidation TheoryThe theory that during learning and in the approx. 30 min. after learning changes in brain cells occur as information is transferred from STM to LTM for relatively permanent storage
  45. 45Retrograde amnesiaA form of memory loss for events occurring before an amnesia-causing event
  46. 46DementiaA general term that describes the symptoms of a variety of brain illness that progressively kill brain cells and result in irreversible structural and chemical changes in the brain that lead to permanent and severe cognitive loss
  47. 47Amyloid plaguesSticky, abnormal clusters of beta-amyloid fragments that collect on the outside of nerve cells, destroying the synapses and the conduction of nerve impulses

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Description
Psychology Flashcards on Memory Key Terms, created by Cameron Langfield on 04/06/2013.
Created by
Cameron Langfield · Jun 2013
Updated
Feb 19, 2016
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