Flashcards
Lesson 5
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Cell TheoryThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. Our bodies consist of trillions of cells and some non-cellular material
- 2Robert HookeFirst observed cells in cork in the late 1600s.
- 3Interstitial fluidMain component of extracellular fluid (ECF) in which cells are bathed.
- 4Cell variationCells vary in size, shape, and function. For example, bacteria are 1-2 μm, RBCs are 8 μm, nerve cells can be 1m.
- 5Three main regions of a cellNucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm.
- 6NucleusControl center of the cell containing genetic material (DNA). Shape varies by cell type: oval, spherical, lobular, horseshoe.
Three regions
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin - 7Nuclear envelopeBarrier of the nucleus. Double membrane surrounding nucleus with nuclear pores for material exchange with rest of the cell
- 8NucleolusNucleus contains one or more nucleoli. Site of ribosome assembly within the nucleus. Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
- 9ChromatinComposed of DNA and protein. A complex in the nucleus, Scattered throughout the nucleus, suspended within the nucleoplasm
Present when the cell is not dividing - condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides - 10Plasma membraneBarrier for cell contents; phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
- 11Phospholipid bilayerHas hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; forms the structure of the membrane.
- 12Membrane proteinsServe as enzymes, receptors, and transport channels.
Also contains cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipids - 13CytoplasmMaterial outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane; site of most cellular activity.
- 14CytosolFluid portion of the cytoplasm where other elements are suspended.
- 15InclusionsChemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products – may or may not be present
Includes fat droplets, glycogen granules, melanin - 16OrganellesMetabolic machinery of the cell, “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell, Many are membrane-bound: outside/inside different
- 17Mitochondria“Sausage-shaped”
Double membrane organelles with inner folds (cristae) to increase surface area; Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy,
Liver and muscle have lots of mitochondria - 18RibosomesComposed of Protein and rRNA, Sites of protein synthesis; Found at two locations
1. Free in the cytoplasm
2. Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum - 19Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)Fluid-filled tubules that twist and coil through cytoplasm: mini circulatory system
Two types of ER:
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - 20Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins – more rER indicates more protein synthesis
Also manufactures membrane lipids - 21Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Liver and steroid hormone producing cells (e.g. testes) have a lot of smooth ER - 22Golgi apparatusStack of flattened membranous sacs with lots of vesicles
Modifies and packages proteins
Receives transport vesicles from ER
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles →PM for export
Vesicles with proteins/phospholipids for the membrane
Lysosomes - 23LysosomesContain digestive enzymes produced by ribosomes
Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
Digest foreign substances and worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell
White blood cells have a lot of lysosomes - 24PeroxisomesVesicles containing oxidase enzymes
Catabolism of fatty acids and other organic compounds
Detoxify poisons such as alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Numerous in liver and kidney - 25CytoskeletonInternal framework of filaments supporting shape, organelles, and intracellular transport.
cell highway
Three different types of elements
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules - 26MicrofilamentsSmallest cytoskeleton fibers; involved in cell movement and shape changes.
cytokinesis - 27Intermediate filamentsmaintain cell shape and rigidity,
help form desmosomes - 28MicrotubulesLargest cytoskeletal components; maintain shape, form mitotic spindle, cilia, and flagella.
- 29CentriolesRod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Occur in pairs (when found singly referred to as basal bodies)
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
As basal bodies they organize cilia and flagella - 30CiliaNot found in all cells
Short projections that move materials across cell surfaces (e.g., move mucus in respiratory tract). - 31FlagellaNot found in all cells
Longer projections used to propel the entire cell (e.g., sperm). - 32MicrovilliNot found in all cells
Tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption. - 33FibroblastsCells that connect body parts; contain rough ER and Golgi apparatus.
- 34Epithelial cellsCover and line body organs; packed tightly and contain intermediate filaments.
- 35Muscle cellsContain contractile filaments; responsible for movement of organs and body parts.
- 36Fat cellsStore nutrients; contain large lipid droplets.
- 37MacrophagesWBCs that fight disease; contain lysosomes and pseudopods for engulfing pathogens.
- 38Nerve cellsGather information and control body functions; contain extensive ER for signaling.
- 39Sperm cellsMale reproductive cells; have flagella for movement and DNA in the head.
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- Bachelor Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards on Lesson 5, created by A K on 02/04/2025.
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