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Flashcards

Learning

Kristen Dammeyer Psychology English 44 cards

Cards in this deck (44)

  1. 1Learningany process through which a sensory experience at one time can alter an individuals behavior at a future time
  2. 2Behavioral Perspective on learningperspectives characterize learning in terms of observable stimuli and responses
  3. 3cognitive perspective of behaviorcharacterizes learning in terms of information stored in the mind
  4. 4Ecological Perspective on Learningcharacterize learning in terms of separate, specialized, inherited learning mechanisms
  5. 5Classical Conditioninga process of acquiring a new reflex as a result of experience
  6. 6Delayed ConditioningCS before US; CR extends backwards as CS becomes associated with US
  7. 7Simultaneous ConditioningCS and US presented simultaneously. conditioning fails
  8. 8Trace Conditioningmemory of the CS begins to be associated with the US. UR extends back to the actual occurrence of the CS
  9. 9Backward ConditioningUS comes before CS. Usually effective
  10. 10Crucial feature of successful CS-US pairingthe CS must be able to predict the occurrence of US
  11. 11Cognitive View of CCCS elicits a thought that was previously elicited by the UCS
  12. 12Behaviorist Interpretation- CS comes to elicit a behavior response that was previously just elicited by the UCS
  13. 13S-R TheoryUS and CS lead to response
  14. 14SSCS- intervening mental representation of unconditioned stimulus- response
  15. 15Rescorlarat experiment testing SS vs. SR
    - habituated rats did not freeze and had formed an SS association
  16. 16Cognitive interpretation of classical conditioningstimuli provide information which is then interpreted. CC is a learned expectancy
  17. 17Evidence for the predictive value of CS1. ineffectiveness of simultaneous and backward conditioning
    2. ineffectiveness of conditioning to stimuli that have been presented often without the unconditioned stimulus
    3. Ineffectiveness of conditioning when the animal already has a good predictor
  18. 18Extinctioninhibition of CR via repeated presentations of the CS alone
  19. 19Spontaneous Recoveryrecovery of the CR with time
  20. 20Reacquisitionafter extinction, reacquisition of the CR is faster than the initial acquisition
  21. 21GeneralizationLikelihood of a response to a new stimulus is an exponential function of its similarity to the original CS
  22. 22Discrimination Training- generalization b/w 2 stimuli can be abolished if one response is reinforced while the other response is extinguished
  23. 23Operant Conditioningacquiring a novel behavior to produce a desired outcome
  24. 24Thorndikepuzzle box
    - must wait until animal emits various responses through trial and error
  25. 25Law of Effect- responses producing a satisfying effect are more likely to occur again
    - responses producing a discomforting effect in a certain situation are less likely to occur again in that situation
  26. 26Skinner- behaviorist
    - all mental terms are taboo
  27. 27Reinforcementany process that increases the likelihood that a particular response will occur
  28. 28Positive Reinforcementresponses increase with the arrival of a positive reinforcer
  29. 29Negative Reinforcementresponses increase with the removal of a negative reinforcer
  30. 30Punishmentany process that decreases the likelihood that a particular response will occur
  31. 31Positive Punishmentthe arrival of a stimulus decreases behavior
  32. 32Negative Punishmentthe removal of a stimulus decreases behavior
  33. 33Discriminant Learningprocess by which people respond differently to different stimuli
  34. 34Schedule of Reinforcementheavily influences the rate of responding
  35. 35Fixed Interval Schedules- fixed time period between reinforcers
    - produces an accelerated rate of response as the time of reinforcement approaches
  36. 36Variable Interval Schedules- variable time period between reinforcers
    - steady rate of response
  37. 37Fixed Ratio Schedule- required number of responses is fixed from one reinforcer to the next
    - high rate of response and then a pause after reinforcer is received
  38. 38Variable Ratio Schedule- required number of responses may vary from one reinforcer to the next
    - support a high and steady rate of response
  39. 39Extinctiondiscontinuation of reinforcer leads to the progressive decline in the reinforced response
  40. 40What influences the rate of response (in OC according to Skinner)- amount
    - intensity
    - immediacy
  41. 41Cognitive Operant Conditioning- learning involves acquisition of information from the world
    - reinforcement may increase attention and motivation
    - rewards are not necessary
  42. 42Dickinson and Dawson- hungry rats experiment (pellets v. sugar water)
    - rats acquire information about the reinforcer and then apply that to future situations
  43. 43Contrast Effectsmagnitude of changes in rewards should predict behavior
  44. 44Over justification Effect- rewards provide information about the meaning of the behavior and thus sometimes rewards don't reinforce behavior

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Psychology (Psychology) Flashcards on Learning , created by Kristen Dammeyer on 04/10/2016.
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