Flashcards
Forgetting
Cards in this deck (20)
- 1What is an interference theory? (2)- When two pieces of info conflict (or block) each other, it results to forgetting or distortion of memory
- In LTM memories are permanent, so forgetting means hard to locate them due to interference in gaining access - 2It is known that the interfering memories are very likely to be stored at different times. What are the two types of interference resulting from this? *1 *2- Proactive interference: old memory interferes with new ones (e.g. too much older memory, so forgets new one)
- Retroactive interference: new one interferes with old ones - 3Who studied the retroactive interference by manipulating the extent of similarity between the materials?McGeoch and McDonald
- 4What were the six conditions in the research of how similarity between the materials can affect retroactive interference?1. Synonyms
2. Antonyms
3. Unrelated meanings
4. Nonsense syllables
5. Three-digit numbers
6. None - 5Strength and weakness of lab studies *3 *4- Other lab studies also show consistently that both types are common ways
- Words and syllables are artificial, and only given 20 minutes or so to learn and forget. - 6What was the real-life study done in this field, and what was the finding?Baddeley and Hitch:
asked rugby players to remember the names of teams they played against in that season. Players differed in the date of last match.
-> Found passage of time matters less than the number of matches played - 7What is the retrieval failure theory?Forgetting due to insufficient cues to access the available memories
- 8What was the principle by Tulving about the retrieval failure theory? (2) *5Encoding Specificity Principle:
- For a cue to help us retrieve info, it must have been present at both encoding and retrieval. If different or there was none at retrieval, forgetting occurs
- The closer the cue is to original item, the more useful it will be - 9What are the two types of forgetting due to the difference of cues at encoding and retrieval?External - Context-dependent forgetting
Internal - State-dependent forgetting - 10Who studied the sea drivers remembering instructions before diving?Godden + Baddeley
- 11What was the finding of the study done by Godden and Baddeley?in conditions of learn and recall on land, and learn and recall under water, 40% more recall
- 12In Carter and Cassaday's experiment, they...gave anti-histamine, because it has sedative effect, to differ the internal state. They learned a list of words and then given a passage, and required to recall the list.
- 13Who said that the retrieval failure theory is the main reasons of forgetting?Michael Eysenck
- 14What is the strength and weakness in terms of real-life application?:) real-life experiments, and basic principles of cognitive interview
:( Baddeley - not strong in real life, because contexts need to be very different to have real effect - 15What are the two other limitations of the retrieval failure theory?- Not applicable to all types of memory: in Godden and Baddeley's experiment used a recognition test, and found same performance for all cons
- ESP not testable: no way to establish if the cue had really been encoded - 16*1 Research on retroactive interference (3)Muller
- first identified retroactive interference
- Gave ppts nonsense syllables to learn for 6 min
- Recall rate after retention interval worse when given an intervening task betw learning and recall - 17*2 Research on proactive interference (4)Underwood
- analysed findings of research on memory
- found when memorised 10 or more lists, recall rate 20% after 24h
- when 1 list: 70%
=> each list interfered with learning subsequent one - 18*3 Weakness of forgetting by interference explanation (3)Anderson
- interference theory mostly relevant only when objects are similar
- but in real life things forgotten are relatively unsimilar
=> it is certain that interference contributes to forgetting, but not clear how much - 19*4 Real-life application- When shown two advertisements of similar products shown to ppts within a week, recall and recog impaired
- suggestion is to use multiple exposure in a week rather than spread out over a few weeks
=> business application - 20*5 Encoding Specificity principle study (4)Tulving and Pearlstone:
- ppts had to learn 48 words belonging to 12 cats
- each word presented as a category + word e.g. fruit- banana
- 1 con: free recall; 2 con: cues recall (given cat)
- 1 con: 40% recalled; 2 con: 60% recalled
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- AS - Level Psychology (A level stuff) Flashcards on Forgetting, created by Field Jellyfish on 21/12/2016.
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- Field Jellyfish
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