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Memory Eval Flashcards

Connor Hargrave Psychology A level English 54 cards

Cards in this deck (54)

  1. 1What is mnemonic for Short and Long term memory?Can't Jog Before Friday
  2. 2What does this stand for?Cowan, Jacobs, Brandimote, Frost
  3. 3What did Cowan Say?reviewed a variety of studies on capacity of STM -l likely to be limited to about four chunks rather than 7 +/- 2; matters as original findings have not been replicated by subsequent studies & suggest STM
    capacity is more limited than originally thought
  4. 4What did Jacobs say?recall increased steadily with age; 8yrs could remember 6.6 digits, 19yrs 8.6 digits; may be due to increase in brain capacity or people develop strategies to improve memory as get older. individual
    differences play a role in differences
    found
  5. 5What did Brandimote say?participants used visual coding in STM when given visual take & prevented from verbally rehearsing; usually translate visual images into verbal codes in STM but these
    participants were prevented from doing this - used visual codes. multiple types of coding in STM & is not exclusively acoustic
  6. 6What did Frost say?LT recall related to visual & semantic
    categories; Rothbart (1972) found evidence for acoustic coding in LTM; LT might be encoded using acoustic, visual & semantic info, depending on type of info being remembered.
  7. 7Mnemonic for Multi-Store-ModelBent Swords Can't Lop
  8. 8What does this mean?Bahrick, Scoville + Milner, Craik + Lockheart, Logie
  9. 9What did Bahrick Say?LTM lasts 48 years; Good lab evidence for MMM
  10. 10What did Scoville + Milner say?case study of HM, brain damage caused from operation to remove hippocampus from both sides of brain to reduce severe
    epilepsy; HM's personality & intellect stayed intact, but could not create new LTM, although remembered things from before. provides support for MSM as HM unable to transfer info from STM to LTM.
  11. 11What did Craik and Lockheart say?suggests LTM created by level of processing & not rehearsal; info that is processed more deeply is memorable due to way its processed. therefore doing more complex things with info will make memories ore enduring, suggests process of rehearsal doesn't fully explain process
    of remembering in LTM
  12. 12What did Logie say?suggested STM relies on LTM and cannot come first as suggested in MSM; suggests STM relies on LTM & may be a part of LTM not a separate store.
  13. 13Mnemonic For Working Memory Model?Big Shaun Eats Cock
  14. 14What does this mean?Baddeley + Hitch, Shallice + Warrington, Eslinger + Damasio, Case Studies
  15. 15What did Baddeley + Hitch Say?participants were slower in dual task study that involved both central executive & articulatory loop, compared to task just required articulatory loop; demonstrates dual task performance effect & shows that the central executive is separate from the articulatory loop
  16. 16What did Shallice and Warrington say?studied KF whose ST forgetting of auditory
    info was much greater than forgetting of visual info; therefore brain damage speared to be restricting his phonological
    loop & not visuo-spatial sketchpad.
  17. 17What did Eslinger and Damasio say?studied EVR (had cerebral tumour removed) performed well on some tests requiring reasoning, he had poor decision making skills & would spend several hours making simple decisions; case of EVR suggests that the idea of single CE is wrong & there are possibly several different components within CE
  18. 18Case Studies?Key evidence for WMM comes from case studies of brain damaged people; may have difficulties in paying attention & therefore simply underperform in certain tasks. matters because the result of a single case study are difficult/ impossible to replicate & difficult to generalise to the general population - low external validity
  19. 19Mnemonic For Types of LTM?Better Here B 4
  20. 20What does this stand for?Brain Scans, HM, Brain damage, 4th LTM
  21. 21Brain scans?research shows different areas of the brain are active when using different types of LTM; episodic memory is associated with the hippocampus & temporal lobe, semantic memory relies on the temporal lobe also & procedural memory is associated with the cerebellum
  22. 22HM?case of patient HM highlights the distinction between procedural & declarative memories. Surgery, patient HM could still form new procedural memories but he was unable to form episodic/ semantic; HM was able to draw figure by looking at its reflection in a mirror, a skill called mirror drawing (procedural), however, he could not remember learning this skill (episodic/semantic)
  23. 23Brain Damage?difficult to conclude from case of HM the exact parts of brain that were affected; damage to a particular area doesn't mean this area is responsible for particular behaviour. unable to conclude a casual relationship between a particular brain region & type of LTM
  24. 244th LTM?research investigating priming describes how implicit memories influence the response a person makes; Priming is controlled by a brain system separate from the temporal system that supports
    explicit (semantic & episodic) which has led to the suggestion that there is a fourth type of LTM (priming activates associations)
  25. 25Mnemonic For Explanations for Forgetting - Interference?With Some Coke Dust
  26. 26What does this stand for?Word Lists, Some Forgetting, Ceraso, Danaher
  27. 27Word Lists?most of research investigating interference is lab based & uses artificial list of words and/or nonsense syllables; Therefore findings may not relate to everyday uses of memory, which tend not to involve simple world lists; suggests that the results of interference research lack ecological & may not apply to everyday human memory
  28. 28Some Forgetting?critics argue that while interference effects do occur in everyday life, they do not occur very often; e.g. rather special conditions are required for interference to lead to forgetting - the two memories need to be quite similar (other theories required)
  29. 29What did Ceraso Say?if memory was tested again after 24 hours, recognition (accessibility) showed considerable spontaneous recovery whereas recall (availability) stayed the same; shows interference do not cause memories to disappear and effects are only temporary (retrieval failure is real explanation)
  30. 30What did Danaher say?both recall & recognition of an advertisers message were impaired when participants were exposed to two advertisements for competing brands in the same week; this demonstrates the effects of interference when people are exposed to multiple competing adverts (real life Applications)
  31. 31Mnemonic for Explanations of forgetting -Retrieval FailureA Gay Nigger Twat
  32. 32What does this stand for?Abernethy, Godden + Baddeley, Nairne, Tulving + Psotka
  33. 33What did Abernethy say?students recalled more info when tested in the same room with the same teacher, compared to different room with a different teacher; supports idea of context-dependent learning in everyday memory & suggests students should revise where they will take their exams.
  34. 34What did Godden + Baddeley Say?Scuba Divers Learn Word Lists on land or in water; Highest recall in place learned.
  35. 35What did Nairne Say?criticised what he calls the 'myth of the encoding-retrieval match' relationship is correlational not causal; cues do not use retrieval they are just associated with retrieval. matters because a casual relationship between encoding & retrieval
    cannot be established
  36. 36What did Tulving + Psotka say?when participants were given cued recall, effects of interference disappeared - remembered 70% of words regardless how many lists they'd been given; shows that info is there but cannot be retrieved due to interference, as retrieval cues improvement subsequent recall
  37. 37Mnemonic For Eye Witness Testimony - Misleading Info?Baun's Electro Shock Belt
  38. 38What does This Stand For?Baun, Ecological Validity, Schacter, Bekerian + Bowers
  39. 39What did Baun Say?misleading info can create inaccurate memories - participants were exposed to misleading advertising material which had either Bugs Bunny, Ariel or control; they later incorporated incorrect info into their memories, Ps who were exposed to ads containing Bugs Bunny later reported shaking hands with him in Disneyland.
  40. 40Ecological Validitylab experiments do not represent real life crimes/accidents; participants may not take it seriously & not be emotionally aroused the same as in a real accident. low ecological validity & don't apply to everyday crimes/accidents.
  41. 41What did Schacter Say?elderly people have difficulty remembering source of info, even though memory of info itself is unimpaired; consequently more prone to effect of misleading info (individual differences, in a particular age, important factor when examining reliability of eye witness accounts)
  42. 42What did Bekerian + Bowers Say?participants are not susceptible to misleading info if questions are presented in the same order as original info. suggests that order of questions has a significant effect & results may be due to response bias & not change in memory (practical applications for police interviews)
  43. 43Mnemonic For accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony - Anxiety?Pickel Dabbed Both Fat-Lines
  44. 44What does this stand for?Pickel, Deffenbacher, Bothwell, Fazey and Hardy
  45. 45What did Pickel Say?arranged for participants to watch a thief enter a hairdressing salon carrying scissors (high threat, low surprise), a handgun (high threat, high surprise), a wallet (low threat, low surprise) or a whole raw chicken (low
    threat, high surprise). identification was least accurate in the high surprise rather than high threat conditions
  46. 46What did Deffenbacher Say?reviewed 34 studies & found that lab studies demonstrate that anxiety generally reduced accuracy & real life studies are associated with even greater loss in accuracy; so weapon focus appears to be result of anxiety & higher levels of anxiety found in real life crimes reduce accuracy of eyewitness accounts even further.
  47. 47What Did Bothwell say?found that participants who were labelled as 'stable' showed rising levels of accuracy as stress levels increased, whereas those labelled as 'neurotic' showed decreasing levels of accuracy as stress levels increased. suggests one key extraneous v in many studies of anxiety is personality & should be taken into consideration
  48. 48What did Fazey + Hardy Say?put forward the catastrophe theory which predicts that when physiological arousal increases beyond the optimum level, the inverted U hypothesis predicts a gradual decrease in performance; They observed that in fact there is sometimes a catastrophic decline, which they suggest is due to increased mental anxiety (worry)
  49. 49Mnemonic for Cognitive Interview?Ku Klux Envies Malta
  50. 50What does this stand for?Kohnken, Kohnken, Establishing Effectiveness, Mello + Fisher
  51. 51What did Kohnken say?meta analysis of 53 studies found increase of 34% correct info using CI; may be due to individual elements of CI rather than whole
    process. suggest CI is an effective technique.
  52. 52What did Kohnken also Say?81% increase in correct info generated but 61% increase in incorrect info when using
    enhanced CI; however procedure is used to enhance quantity without compromising quality. only useful to increase quantity of info police should treat info found with CI with caution.
  53. 53Establishing Effectiveness?when CI used in real world not just one procedure collection of related techniques; e.g. Thames valley police use version doesn't include changing perspectives. matters as difficult to identify which components of CI are effective & increase quantity & quality of info produced
  54. 54What did Mello + Fisher Say?found that CI produced significantly more info for older participants; may be as older adults are overly cautious about reporting info & CI places importance on this. suggests CI is more effective for older people in comparison to younger people.

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A level Psychology (Psychology Exam 1) Flashcards on Memory Eval Flashcards, created by Connor Hargrave on 07/06/2017.
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Connor Hargrave
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