Memory Mindmap Continued

Memory Mindmap Continued

1. Short-term Memory

   • Levels of encoding/processing (Craik & Lockhart)
     • a model of memory storage which suggests that memory does not comprise any specific number of separate memory stores but instead compromises a continuous dimension in which memory is encoded. It is related to the ease with which it can be retrieved: the deeper the processing of information, the greater the chance of it being retrieved
     • Types of encoding
       • Structural
         • words are learnt by remembering their physical features, such as whether they were in upper or lower case, started with a vowel or consonant, or were long or short
         • Type of processing
           • Shallow
         • Example
           • pOTato, brick, Apple
           • Participants were asked to rememberer whether the word contained upper case letters
         • Recall
           • only about 20% of words were recalled after structural encoding
       • Phonemic
         • words are learnt by their sounds
         • Type of processing
           • Moderate
         • Example
           • participants were asked to think of a rhyme (bull/full; style/smile) for the word, or perhaps rhyme and rhythm (What a song/ I love the phrasing/ and the tune/is just amazing
           • bull, style, amazing, radio
         • Recall
           • approximately 50% of words were recalled after phonemic encoding
       • Semantic
         • words are encoded by their meaning, which allows them to be placed directly in our semantic networks
         • Type of processing
           • Deep
         • Recall
           • 80% or more of words were retrieved after semantic encoding
         • Example
           • gate, yacht, truck, apple
           • participants were asked to put the words into a sentence where the meaning of the word would be important to the meaning of the sentence, such as 'She opened the gate and entered the garden'
   • Working memory (Baddeley & Hitch)
     • Central executive
       • Visuospatial sketchpad
         • Visual semantics
         • visual short-term memory; storage of what we see. This is the store you use to help picture what your bedroom would look like if you shifted the furniture around
         • the storage system for visual information in working memory
       • Episodic Buffer
         • Episodic LTM
           • episodic long-term memory is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences
         • helps retrieve information from LTM to associate with information which is in working memory and to select and encode information into LTM
         • a theoretical component of working memory that acts as both a bridge and a filter (for auditory and visual information) between long-term memory and storage in working memory
       • Phonological loop
         • Language
         • auditory working memory; storage of what we hear (also called the articulatory rehearsal loop). This is the store that helps us to understand a sentence of more than a few words; it retains the words from the beginning of the sentence until we have heard the words at the end
         • a storage system for auditory information in working memory
       • puts together the sounds and vision of working memory; controls our attention and enables us to perform mental manipulation on data
       • a component of working memory that combines the sounds and vision of working memory. It controls our attention and enables us to perform mental manipulation on data
       • Three main functions of the central executive
         • updating: modifying items brought in from LTM before re-committing them to memory through the episodic buffer; creating a process of accommodation of the semantic network
         • inhibition: an aspect of attention; screening our irrelevant material
         • switching: changing attention from one item to another
       • is the controller, manager and decision-maker in working memory

2. Long-term Memory

   • Procedural memory (HOW)
     • 'How to' memories
     • occurs after practice
     • Examples
       • riding a bike, once the skill has been learnt
       • using cutlery to eat
     • Semantic memory
       • encoding, storage and retrieval of facts that are not characterised by any particular personal context in which the individual acquired the facts. Semantic memories are general knowledge
   • Declarative memory (THAT)
     • memories of personal experiences (events) and facts
     • Episodic memory
       • personalised memories of events
       • may be related to knowledge of facts if the memory is also of how and where you learnt them
       • 'autobiographical' memory
       • Examples
         • your first day of school
         • a first romantic kiss
       • long-term memories of episodes or experiences in your life
     • Semantic memory
       • memories of facts (or knowledge)
       • Examples
         • knowing that Canberra is the capital city of Australia
         • knowing the time tables
         • 'encyclopaedic' memory
       • encoding, storage and retrieval of facts that are not characterised by any particular personal context in which the individual acquired the facts. Semantic memories are general knowledge