ESL Approaches & Methods

ESL Approaches & Methods

1. APPROACHES

   • Approach - guide for choosing methods that are consistent in theory and research; broadest category.
   • Grammatical Approach
     • teacher-centered emphasis
     • language acquired most efficiently through memorizing language rules and patterns
     • Grammar-Translation Method
       • emphasis on development of grammar, writing, reading
         • oral development has less emphasis
           • grammar rules taught as a whole rather than parts
     • Direct Method
       • total focus on L2
         • includes open-ended responses
     • Audiolingual Method
       • grammar is taught through a sequenced plan
         • little use of L1
           • emphasis on drill and repetitive practice
   • Cognitive Approach
     • learner-centered empahsis
       • focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies
     • CALLA
       • Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach
         • focus on L! and L2 CALP development
           • focus on prior knowledge
             • developmentally appropriate language instruction
               • explicit instruction in: metacognitive, cognitive, social/affective learning strategies
   • Communicative Approach
     • student-centered emphasis
       • learning through communication, constructivism, and social interaction
     • Silent Way Method
       • teacher talk and modeling
         • repetition and signals provide reinforcement
           • rarely content-based
     • Natural Way Method
       • L1 is acceptable
         • comprehensible input is important
           • minimal error correction
             • not always content-based
     • Suggestopedia Method
       • relaxed physical evidence
         • minimal error correction
           • uses L1 for explanations
             • not always content-based
     • Integrated-Content Based Method
       • emphasis on L2 development
         • emphasis on content and language integration
           • thematic units integrated
     • Sheltered Instruction Method
       • grade-level modified curriculum
         • scaffolding
           • cooperative learning, visuals, and guarded vocabulary
   • METHODS
     • Method - framework for specific strategies and techniques; one translation of an approach.

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