Biology Mindmap (Part 1)

Biology Mindmap (Part 1)

1. Healthy Diets

   • Correct balence of different food groups.
     • Carbohydrates
     • Fats
     • Proteins
     • Fibre
     • Vitamins
     • Water
   • Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats can all be used by the body to release energy and build new cells. Vitamins and Minerals are needed to help health functioning of the body.
   • A poor diet can lead to someone developing type 2 diabetes or someone being overweight or underweight.
   • Exercise
     • Increases the amount of energy used by the body.
     • Someone will lose weight if the energy that is taken in by food is less than the energy which is used in the day.
     • People who exercise regularly tend to be more healthier than those who don't.
   • Metabolic Rate
     • The time it takes for chemical reactions in the cells of your body to take place.
     • This can vary depending on the amount of exercise you do. They more you do the higher it is. Also the proportion of fat to muscles in your body,
     • Can be affected by inherited factors such as Cholesterol.

2. Bacteria And Viruses

   • Bacteria
     • Very Small
     • Reproduces very quickly
     • Can produce toxins which make us feel ill.
     • Illnesses like tetanus, cholera and tuberculosis are bacteria.
   • Viruses
     • Smaller than bacteria.
     • Can reproduce very quickly once there are inside living cells, which then get damaged.
     • Can produce toxins which make us feel ill.
     • Illnesses such are colds, flu, measles and polio are viruses.
   • White Blood Cells
     • Ingest pathogens
     • Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins.
     • Produces antibodies which destory pathogens. This then leads to immunity from that pathogen.
   • Treatment Against Diseases
     • People use painkillers to get rid of the symptoms of a disease. These do not kill pathogens.
     • Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria.It can not be used to kill viruses. It is difficult to develop treatments which destroy the viruses without damaging the body's tissues or cells.
     • Antiobiotics have reduced the death rate from infectious bacterial diseases. However some some strains of bacteria (such as MRSA) have developed a resistance to antibiotics, because of overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Bacteria mutates and produces a new resistant strain which means scientists need to continually develop new antibiotics.
   • Vaccinations
     • This gives immunity to the particular disease.
     • An inactive or dead pathogen is injected into the body. The antibodies produced by the white blood cells destroy the pathogen, which then means they gain resistance to it.

3. Nerves

   • Nervous System
     • Consists of the brain, spinal cords, the neurones and receptors.
     • Allows organisms to react which their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.
     • Information goes from the receptor passes along the neurones to the brain. The brain then coordinates the response which is carried out by an effector.
       • The effector may be a muscle which can respond by contracting or a gland which responds by releasing chemicals.
   • Neurons
     • Motor Neurone. Sensory Neurone. Relay Neurone. These are specially adapted cells that can carry an electrical signal.
     • They are stretched out to make connections between parts of the body.
     • They have branched endings to allow a single neurone to act on many muscle fibres.
     • The cell body has many connections to allow communication with other neurones.
     • They do not touch each other. There is a gap between them which is called a synapse.
   • Types Of Receptors
     • Light - Found in eyes.
     • Sound - Found in ears.
     • Change Of Position - Found in ears (balance).
     • Taste - Found on the tongue. Sensitive to chemicals.
     • Smell - Found in the nose. Sensitive to chemicals.
     • Touch, Pressure, Pain and Temperature - Found in the skin.
   • Conscious action can sometimes be too slow to prevent harm. Reflect action can speed up the response by missing the brain out. It goes : Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neurone > Relay Neurone > Motor Neurone > Effector > Response.