Everyday memory:

Everyday memory:

1. Schematic processing principle = memory is an interaction between an event and pre-existing schema, better memory if schema relevant and incogruent

2. Remembering = reproduction of an event, retrieve main ideas and attitude of the story, but schemas can distort memory, so it's not pure retrieval

3. Reminiscence bump = lots of memories when 15-25, could be due to: cognitive peak, identity formation view - lots of important life decisions, primacy effect - lots of first events -> should occur in times of great change e.g. immigration study had there's a lot later

4. ABM accuracy - general gist, we place ourselves centre stage with a favourable view, and try and be coherent with current beliefs e.g. exam study before/after

5. Flash bulb memories = highly vivid for suprising events, resistant to forgetting. However research shows doesn't have a higher accuracy/consistency, e.g. 9/11 study- only feel like they were reliving it

6. Cross race effect= better at recognising own race, more experience distinguishing it or social cognitive hypothesis = more thorough facial processing of in group -> eliminated by paying close attention, age bias

7. Eye witness memory:

   • Factors affecting: perceptual stage, e.g. darkness, distance, lighting, encoding stage - stress, violence = better memory centrally, and weapon focus if unexpected, storage stage - time sharp drop after 20 mins, retrieval - questioning, expectations, e.g. leading questions in Loftus, broken glass -> use imagination to fill gaps and remember what we expect to see (confirmation bias)
   • Why faulty EWM? Source misattribution - info traced to wrong memory, vacant memory slot - if nothign there false info more likely to be accepted, memory coexistence - new misleading info can obscure old info, blending of new/old info, response bias
   • Confidence - low correlation between accuracy and confidence, can improve confidence by: positive feedback, ask repeatedly, external motivations
   • Identification: composite sketch - morph several, mugshots - tend to pick someone when not there, if do less likely to recognise perp later, line ups - relative judgement and actual memory, should be double blind and wear similar clothing

8. Cognitive interview: recreate internal, external context, report everything, report in different order, from different perspectives, don't interrupt -> very effective, boosts accurate info by 50%