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Language Acquisition
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Language Acquisition
Stages of development
- 1. Crying - In the first few weeks of a child's life the child can express itself vocally. Different kind of 'cry' identified for example hunger or distress. This suggests that cries are distinctive noises and as such, cannot really be described as language.
- 2. Cooing - Another universal stage of development. Generally occurs when babies are 6/8 weeks old. It is thought that during this stage the child is discovering its vocal chords and sounds such as 'coo' 'goo' and 'ga-ga' are made.
- 3. Babbling - The most important stage during the first year of a child's life. Usually begins when a child is between 6/9 months. At the onset of babbling, the baby begins to make sounds that more closely resemble adult language. Combinations of sounds are produced such as 'ma, 'ga' and 'da'. Sometimes these sounds are repeated producing what is known as monosyllables for example 'mama' 'dada' - These sounds still have no meaning but parents believe that their child is speaking their first word.
- 4. Pre expansion - This is where the number of different phonemes produced by the child increases initially.
- 5. Phonemic expansion and contraction - During the babbling phase, the number of different phonemes (units of sound) produced are increased, known as phonetic expansion. Later at about 9/10 months the child retains the sounds of its native language but discards the ones it knows aren't needed. This happens because sounds made by babies from differenent nationalities are different.
- 6. Inotation and gesture - Another development during the babbling stage is the patterns of inotation begin to resemble speech. For example a rising tone at the end of an utterance, which adds emphasis and rhythm. Another method of communication could be a child pointing to something and there facial expression showing that they want that. This shows a desire to communicate.
- 7. Understanding - Although a child may not have begun to speak properly, this doesn't mean that they don't understand the meaning of certain words.
- 8. The first word stage - A child is usually about a year old when they speak their first recognisable word.
- 7. Understanding - Although a child may not have begun to speak properly, this doesn't mean that they don't understand the meaning of certain words.
- 6. Inotation and gesture - Another development during the babbling stage is the patterns of inotation begin to resemble speech. For example a rising tone at the end of an utterance, which adds emphasis and rhythm. Another method of communication could be a child pointing to something and there facial expression showing that they want that. This shows a desire to communicate.
- 5. Phonemic expansion and contraction - During the babbling phase, the number of different phonemes (units of sound) produced are increased, known as phonetic expansion. Later at about 9/10 months the child retains the sounds of its native language but discards the ones it knows aren't needed. This happens because sounds made by babies from differenent nationalities are different.
- 4. Pre expansion - This is where the number of different phonemes produced by the child increases initially.
- 3. Babbling - The most important stage during the first year of a child's life. Usually begins when a child is between 6/9 months. At the onset of babbling, the baby begins to make sounds that more closely resemble adult language. Combinations of sounds are produced such as 'ma, 'ga' and 'da'. Sometimes these sounds are repeated producing what is known as monosyllables for example 'mama' 'dada' - These sounds still have no meaning but parents believe that their child is speaking their first word.
- 2. Cooing - Another universal stage of development. Generally occurs when babies are 6/8 weeks old. It is thought that during this stage the child is discovering its vocal chords and sounds such as 'coo' 'goo' and 'ga-ga' are made.
- Holophrastic stage - one word utterances (12-18 months)
- Two word stage - two word combinations (18-24 months)
- Telegraphic stage - three and more words combined
- Post telegraphic stage - more grammatically complex combinations (36+ months)
- 1. Crying - In the first few weeks of a child's life the child can express itself vocally. Different kind of 'cry' identified for example hunger or distress. This suggests that cries are distinctive noises and as such, cannot really be described as language.
Theorists
- Jean Aitchinson (1996)
- Language Acquisition can fit into three stages: labelling, packaging and network building
- Noam Chomsky
- Language Acquisition Device: Children are born with the pre-programmed ability to learn grammatical structures (nativist theory)
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - A humans inbuilt capacity to acquire language
- Language Acquisition Device: Children are born with the pre-programmed ability to learn grammatical structures (nativist theory)
- Skinner
- Behaviour and language that is reinforced by adults is more likely to re-occur (behaviourist theory)
- Could link this with repetition or positive reinforcement that is being used
- Behaviour and language that is reinforced by adults is more likely to re-occur (behaviourist theory)
- Vygotsky
- There are two levels of development and a zone between called ZPD, this zone is the potential growth of the child's language
- Scaffolding theory - children develop like building blocks.
- Social Interactionist theory - children have to acquire language to function in society, and that language is like any biologically based attachment behaviour.
- Jean Aitchinson (1996)
Key words
- Phoneme
- Smallest unit of sound in language
- Phonetics
- The sounds used in speech
- Semantics
- The study of meaning
- Syntax
- The arrangement of words to make a sentence
- Phonology
- Sound systems and how they can communicate meaning
- Pragmatics
- Factors that can influence the choices producers make
- Consonant
- A speech sound produced when the vocal tract is blocked or restricted that there is audible friction
- Dipthong
- A vowel where there is change in quality during a syllable e.g. "ie"
- Social interactionists
- Believe child language develops through interaction with carers
- Vegetative
- Sounds of discomfort or reflexive actions (0-4 months)
- Phoneme
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- Mind Map on Language Acquisition, created by tamaratubic on 13/06/2016.
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