Respiratory System

Respiratory System

1. UPPER RESPIRATORY

   • Nasopharynx
     • Oropharynx
       • Oral Cavity
     • Nasal Cavity
   • Pharynx
     • Funnel-shaped structure opens in the nose and mouth anteriorly and joins below larynx
   • Trachea
     • Windpipe at bottom of larynx

2. LOWER RESPIRATORY

   • Mainstem Bronchi (R&L)
     • Secondary Bronchi (branches R&L)
       • Tertiary Bronchi
         • Bronchioles
           • Alveolar Ducts
             • Alveoli (clusters of duct ends)
               • Alveolocapillary membrance

3. MUSCLES OF BREATHING

   • Diaphragm - Primarily muscle in making lungs expand and contract. Anteriorly attaches to the Costal arch. Posteriorly attaches to the lumbar vertebrae.
     • Diaphragm has both voluntary ( skeletal) and involuntary (smooth) muscle traits
   • Other Muscles: Internal and external intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles.

4. VENTILATION

   • Tidal volume
   • Inspiratory/Expiratory reserve volume
   • Residual volume
   • Vital capacity
   • Dead space
   • Minute volume

5. RESPIRATION

   • Alveolocapillary exchange surface
     • Diffusion
       • High - Low
         • O2 - CO2 exchange
           • Big surface area 85m squared
   • Backup System
     • Hypoxic Drive
       • Walls of aorta, brain, carotid arteries
   • Autonomic
     • Pons
     • Medulla Oblangata/ Pons
       • Dorsal Respiratoy Group
         • Pacemaker
         • Initiates Breathing
       • Ventral Respiratory Group
         • Forceful Inspiraton/Expiration