Memory.

Memory.

1. Multi Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin).

   • 1). Sensory information gets attention.
     • PROCESS BY WHICH MEMORY IS FORMED
   • 2). It enters the STM where it will decay in up to 30 seconds unless rehearsed, (maintenance).
   • 3). Once rehearsed, it enters the LTM where it will stay for a lifetime, the more the information is rehearsed, the more the lasting the memory,until it needs to be retrieved and is take back to the STM.
   • 2)- The model is oversimplified, and does not take into consideration the importance of cognition in the production of a memory.
   • - Doesn't explain why we don't remember things we rehearse, i.e school notes yet we remember things we don't rehearse, i.e a fun night out.
   • Sensory
     • Ears (acoustic).
     • Eyes (visual).
     • Meaning (semantic).
   • LTM.
     • Capacity: Limitless.
     • Duration: Up to a lifetime.
       • Shepard showed 612 memorable pictures to participants, one hour later showed the same set of pictures with a set of others. Almost perfect recognition was shown and 4 months later 50% were still able to recognise the pictures.
     • Encoding: Mainly semantically.
       • Baddeley investigated the presence of semantic coding in the LTM and acoustic in the STM. He gave participants lists of words which were acoustically similar or dissimilar and words semantically similar or dissimilar, he found participants had difficulty with acoustically similar words in the STM but not in the LTM. Semanticly similar words were nt any trouble in the STM but were a problem in long term memories. STM relies on acoustics and LTM semantics.
         • Some experiments have shown the STM relies on visual coding, Brandimore found if participants were given a visual task they used visual coding if they were prevented from using verbal rehearsal (acoustics) eg saying "lalala" and then performing a visual recall task.Normally visuals are translated to verbal codes in the Stm but if prevented Visual codes are used.
   • STM.
     • Capacity: 7 + or - 2. Investigated by George Miller who investigated psychological research.
       • Cowan (2001) reviewed a variety of studies on capacity STM and found it is most likely that capacity is limited to 4 chunks.
     • Duration:18-30 seconds before it decays.
       • Peterson and Peterson conducted a study in which they gave participants a nonsene syllable followed by a thee digit number, participants then had to count backwards from the number in 3s or 4s. They were then asked to recall the nonsense syllable, it was found that when the interval was 3s, 90% correctly recalled the syllable and when 18 second 2%.
         • Participants may have been relying on more than their STM to remeber the syllable after a distracting activity. Marsh et al found that if participants did not know they were going to be tested forgetting occurred in just 2s.
           • Duration is not actually being tested here as the counting activity was displacing the syallabe.
     • Encoding: Mainly acoustic.
   • 3) Studies are mostly Lab studies and therefore lack ecological validity as participants will most likely show demand characteristics and be subject to experimenter bias. This produces unreliable results that lack validity.

2. Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch).

   • 1). Sensory information is processed in the central executive.
   • 2). The information is filtered and put into a specific section.
   • 3). Auditory info goes in the phonological loop. Visual info enters the visuo spatial sketchpad.
   • Phonological loop.
     • Words you hear are entered into the phonological store.(inner ear)
     • They then enter the articulatory process (inner voice) which allows maintenance rehearsal.
   • Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
     • Visual and Spatial information is temporarily stored here, visual information is what it looks like and spatial is the relationship between things.
     • This store helps with tasks like getting from one room to another.
     • Episodic Buffer.
       • Extra storage that intergrates information from all the other stores for temporary holding.
       • Referred to as ''backup''.
   • KF.
     • KF supports the WMM.
     • KF suffered from brain damage after a motorcycle accident which damaged his STM.
     • KF would forget anything you told him, but if you wrote it down, he was able to remember it.
     • This shows that there are separate STM components for visual and verbal information.
     • 1)Evidence from brain-damaged patients may not be reliable because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
   • 2)- Very little is known about the central executive. It has an unclear role.
   • WMM PROCESS OF MEMORY FORMATION

3. Glanzer and Cunitz.

   • 1). Glanzer and Cunitz presented participant's with a list of words.
   • 2). Participants were only able to recall the first few (primacy) and the last few words (recency).
   • This is because they rehearsed the first few words they heard so it entered their LTM, they were able to retrieve that information back.
   • The last few words were in their short term memory, information can last up to 30 seconds there before decaying.

4. Dual Task (Baddeley and Hitch)

   • 1). Participants had to repeat a list of numbers ( digit span test).
   • 2). They also had to answer true or false questions (verbal reasoning).
   • Results showed that as numbers increased, participants only took a fraction of a second longer to answer true or false questions. Participants answered the true or false questions correctly.
   • The verbal reasoning task made use of the Central Executive and the digit span task made use of the Phonological Loop.
   • Harder to complete two tasks using one slave system.
   • Easier to complete two tasks using two different slave systems.

5. 1) This study doubles as evidence for three stores and an Evaluation point(strength) MSM

6. 3) This study can be used as a strength evaluation point (evidence for different stores) WMM

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