Memory

Memory

1. Multi store model

   • Created by Atkinson & Shiffrin
     • Sensory memory -> STM -> LTM
       • Sensory memory - Capacity is limited. Duration is brief (0.5 - 2 seconds). Encoding = *Visual *Auditory *Tactile
       • STM - Capacity - limited, Duration is up to 30 seconds, Encoding is mainly acoustically
       • LTM - Capacity is unlimited, Duration is unlimited, Encoding is mainly semantically

2. Definitions

   • Capacity
     • The amount of information that can be held at any given time
   • Duration
     • The length of time a memory can be held
   • Encoding
     • The way in which information is represented (sound, image, meaning etc
   • Stimulus
     • the thing or event that evokes a specific information

3. Sensory Memory

   • Sperling (1960): Procedure: Sperling 3 display of rows to p's for about 50 miliseconds and p's had to recall as much. Findings: p's talked about how they were aware of the other letters. P's would recall 3 to 5 digits out of 9. This shows that the whole array will eventually fade
   • Joseph Jacobs (Capacity): Procedure: this was the digit span test. P's weere given a series of digits and p's had to recall the numbers and the order. The list of numbers would eventually get longer. Findings: 7+-2, the longer the list, the shorter the percentage recall
   • Miller (1956): Procedure: generally p's are able to recall between 5 to 9 chunks. Chuncking: can be seen from this experiment to help recall more letter in the second condition. However chunking the letters into a meaningful structure allows you to remember all 32 letters.

4. Short Term Memory

   • Baddeley (1966) - Procedure: p's were shown a random sequence of five words from the 4 categories: 1) acoustically similar. 2) acoustically dissimilar. 3) semantically similar 4) semantically dissimilar. They were asked to write them down 20 seconds later. Findings: P's confused acoustically similar word with other words
   • Peterson and Peterson; Procedure: 1) asked participants to remember a trigram e.g JTV. 2) then gave p's a distractor task to stop them from practising the trigram. They recalled after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15. Findings: as time decreases the percentage of p's who recalled the trigram decreased as well

5. Long Term Memory

   • Bahrick et al (1975): procedure: having various memory tests e.g. recognition of old classmates matching to pictures and recalling their names without pictures. Findings: p's performed well under the age of 34, however p's