Memory

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Three Stages of Memory

Encoding

The transformation of sensory input into a form that can be registered into the memory

Not everything that registered on the sense are store.

Related to selective attention

How is sensory information processed in a way that allow it to be stored

How are things remember

Storage

The operation of retaining information in the memory

Where are memories kept? Is there more than one kind of memory?

Retrieval

The process by which stored information can be extracted from the memory

Are there different kinds of remembering? What do we remember? Why do we forget

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Storage

Differentiate between memory by storage and memory by retrieval

Atkinson and Shriffin (1968,1971):Multistore model-Short term memory and long term memory

Sensory memory/ Sensory buffer store or sensory storage ->STM->LTM

STM and LTM can be analysed in terms of capacity, duration and coding

Capacity: Miller(1956) "The magical number seven, plus or minus two"

Chucking can be used to expand limited capacity of STM.

eg. arranging letters into words, words into phrases, phrases into sentence

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Duration

Brown-Peterson Technique: Maintenance Rehearsal- By repeating something that has to be remembered, information can be stored in STM indefinitely, overcoming the problem of duration of memory.

Coding

Conrad(1964) : Acoustic Confusion Error

Conrad realized that even when material is being presented visually, the information must be coded according to the sound of the letters.

Shulman (1970): Recognition of word was tested using probe words like homonym or synonym or words identical to that presented.

Shulman showed that in STM, semantic coding takes place.

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Long term memory