language production 1 - created from Mind Map

Page 1

Hockett's design features for human language (some shared with animals, but only humans use the full set)

components of language

Grice's four conversation rules/maxims

random terms

aphasia

vocal-auditory communication channel

broadcast transmission and directional reception

rapid fading

interchangeability

feedback

specialisation

semanticity

arbitrariness

discreteness

displacement

productivity

cultural transmission

duality (of patterning)

prevarication

reflexiveness

learnability

speech signal is transmitted out from the source (speaker's mouth) and localised in space by the receiver

spoken message fades after production, unlike written language

sender can also be receiver and vice versa

speaker can monitor content, correct errors/slips

energy expended in producing the message doesn't alter the meaning

doesn't matter whether we whisper or shout

sounds have meaning

functional reference

the way a word sounds doesn't relate to it's meaning directly

sounds are perceived categorically, depending on phonemes

we can use language to refer to things that are not in the present situation

can create novel utterances, new sentences you haven't heard before

language is learned through interaction

meaningful elements are created by combining a small set of meaningless units

language can be used to deceive and lie

we can use language to communicate ABOUT language

a language can be learned by a speaker of another language

1. phonemes

2. morphemes

3. semantics + lexicon

4. syntax

5. discourse

smallest, basic sound units within a language that make up speech

phonotactic rules

allophones: different phones that are treated as the same phone within a language

homophones: to, two, too

describe which sounds can go together in a given language

meaning units of language

free morpheme

bound morpheme

function words

content words

morpheme that can stand alone as a word

can't form a word on it's own (-s)

express grammatical relationships, e.g. 'the', 'over'

have specific meanings, such as nouns and adjectives

mental lexicon: our store of knowledge about words and their uses

semantics: meaning of words and morphemes

descriptive grammar, how language IS used and NOT how it SHOULD be used

recursion

the ability to extend sentences infinitely by embedding phrases within sentences

multi-sentence speech

dialogue, conversation, narrative

pragmatics

linguistic competence

communicative competence

the understanding of the communicative function of language and the conventions that govern language use

our ability to construct sentences

our ability to communicate a message effectively

1. maxim of quantity

2. maxim of quality

3. maxim of relevance

4. maxim of manner

provide enough info to be understood but not too much

accurate info

info relevant to the current topic

no ambiguity and vagueness

parapraxes

lexical bias

lemma

lexeme

neurolinguistics

slips of the tongue

originally thought to reflect unconscious motives

tendency for phonological speech errors to result in existing words

abstract word form that contains syntactic + semantic info about the word

vervoeging, e.g. 'runs'

alle mogelijke vervoegingen

study of the relationship of brain function to language processing

dysfluency

classification:

types:

hesitation/disruption to fluency as a result of brain damage

as opposed to disfluency

fluent

non-fluent

pure

when patient's speech is fluent but not meaningful

output is reduced, laboured or absent but is meaninful

particular facet of language affected, while other language functions remain intact

broca's aphasia

global aphasia

wernicke's aphasia

conduction aphasia

anomic aphasia

non-fluent

reduced output

problems with grammar processing

extreme impairment of language function

fluent

specific difficulty affecting the repetition of speech

connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area is damaged

arcuate fasciculus

difficulty with word retrieval