Flashcards
Memory
Cards in this deck (63)
- 1what was the research done on coding?Baddeley gave different lists to remember
acoustically similar and disimilar
semantically similar and disimilar
asked to recall in order - 2what were results on coding from Baddley?STM is acoustical (sound same)
LTM is semantic (mean same) - 3what is coding?how information is stored in memory
- 4how did Jacobs research STM capacity?digit span task
gradually increase amount of digits and recall
mean span was 9.3 items span for letters 7.3
5 - 9 - 5how did Miller research capacity of STMthings comes in 7s
span about 7 + or - 2 items
we use chunking, grouping digits - 6what is the capacity of LTM?it is said to be unlimited
- 7explain research on STM durationPeterson and Peterson
read trigrams, counted backwards from 100 before recalling
found duration was 18 - 30 seconds - 8explain research on LTM durationBahrick high school yearbooks
tested with phot recognition and free recall
found that after 48 years, they were 70% accurate
LTM can last for potentially a lifetime - 9evaluate research on coding?it found the stores were separate as identified clear difference
important for MSM
but used artificial material giving limited application - 10evaluate the research on STM capacitycan be replicated as controlled making it valid
but may of overestimated the capacity - 11evaluate research into durationartificial in Petersons doesn't reflect a everyday task
but meaningful in bahrick
high external validity - 12shows the multi store model
- 13explain the sensory storecoding morality specific (sense)
iconic = visual
echoic = sound
short duration
unlimited capacity - 14how does info go from sensory to STM?attention
- 15how does info stay in STM?maintenance rehearsal
repeat over and over again in our head - 16how is info moved from LTM to STM?retrieval
- 17what is research support for MSM?KF amnesia
pore STM when heard but good when read
could be more stores within STM
not a separate store - 18limitation of MSM rehearsal?Craik and Watkins said elaborative rehersal needed for long term storage
link to meaningful knowledge
suggests MSM does not show how long term is stored - 19who researched long term memory types? what were they?Tulving
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural - 20what is episodic memory?ability to recall events from our life
are time - stamped - 21what is semantic memory?shared knowledge of the world
- 22what is procedural memory?memory for actions, skills
non consious effort
skills hard to explain
automatic - 23how does clive wearing support types of LTM?lost episodic
but procedural and semantic in tact
must be seperate stores within LTM - 24how does types of LTM give real world application?help people with memory loss
train to improve peoples episodic memory
allows development of treatments - 25who made MSM?Atkinson and Shiffron
- 26who made MSM?Baddeley and Hitch
- 27shows the working memory model
- 28what is the central executive?monitors incoming data
divides into the sub systems below - 29what is the phonological loop?deals with auditory
phonological store - stores words heard
articulatory process - maintenance rehearsal - 30what is the visuo - spatial sketchpad?stores visual and spatial info
visual cache
inner scribe - 31what is the episodic buffer?storage component for event info
added in 2000 - 32what is a issue with the central executive?too vague and not specific enough
could consist of many sub components - 33how does dual task performance support the WMMcould carry out visual and verbal tasks at the same time due to being different stores
but not 2 visual because same stores - 34how does Kf support the WMM?PL damaged but VSS intact
so are seperate stores - 35what is interference?2 pieces of information disrupt each other
result in forgetting one or both - 36what is proactive interference?old info interferes with new
- 37what is retroactive inteference?new info interferes with new
- 38what was research on interference?McGeoch and McDonald
changed how similar words were
most similar produced worst recall
interference is strongest here - 39how is interference supported by drug studies?recall better when list learned before drug
shows drug prevents new information intefering - 40what is a issue with cues on interferenceinteference causes only temporary loss of info not always permanent
can be recalled with help from cues - 41what is the encoding specificity principle?Tulving found patterns
cues have to be same on encoding and retrieval - 42what is context - dependant forgetting?recall depends on extrenal cue learnt in (weather, or place)
- 43what is state - dependent forgetting?recall depends on internal cues
upset, drunk, drugs being the same - 44what was research on context dependant forgetting?Godden and Baddeley
studied divers learned underwater / land recalled on same or opposite
40% lower in non - matching conditions
if cues different, recall worse - 45what was research on state - dependant forgetting?Carter and Cassaday
learning and recalling on / not on drugs
memory results worse if conditions don't match - 46how does retrieval failure have real world applications?overcome forgetting in real life
make strategies to learn - 47whats a limitation of retrieval failure?no context effect when underwater diver task done on recognition instead of recall
- 48what was the research on misleading information?Loftus and Palmer
ptps watched car crash, asked how fast with different verbs
smashed, hit, contacted, bumped, collided - 49what was result of loftus and palmer?heighest speed with smashed
leading question did affect EWT - 50what was Loftus and Palmers second experiement?asked if they saw broken glass?
even though not any
more likely to say it if thought car was faster
incorrect EWT - 51what was research on post event discussion?Gabbert
pairs watched same crime from different view
discussed what they saw
test recall
71% mistakenly recalled something they didn't see - 52why does PED effect EWT?memory contamination - combine misinformation with each other
memory conformity - go along with each other, not actually changed privately - 53whats real world application on misleading information?consequence of incorrect EWT are serious
understanding it help improve legal criminal justice systems - 54what is a research method issue with misleading information?controlled lab studies
ptps know car crash is not real so no real consequences if EWT wrong
plus demand charactersitics - 55what effect explains poor EWT when high anxiety?weapon focus effect
- 56what was craig and watsons study on anxiety EWT?1 man argued, bloody knife = 49% identified
1 man talked, greasy pen = only 33%
the weapon focus effect
high anxiety, worse EWT - 57what was Yuille and Cutshalls study on anxiety on EWT?on actual shooting
those who reported feeling most stressed actually had better recall
anxiety not negative may even enhance EWT - 58how did Deffenbacher explain effects of anxiety on EWT?used Yerkes - Dobson law
optimum level of anxiety for best testimony
moderate
lower or higher reduces accuracy - 59whats a limitation of Craig annd Scotts anxiety study?may not have tested anxiety
people may have focused on the weapon because they were suprised not scared
may be due to unusualness - 60how can EWT be improvedFisher and Geiselman
cognitive interview techniques - 61what are the 4 techniques involved in a cognitive interview?report everything
reinstate context
reverse the order
change perspective - 62whats a limitation of cognitive interview?police reluctant to use it because it it requires more time and training
- 63strength of cognitive interviews?support it works
compared it with standard interviews
found 44% increase in accuracy of EWT
so is effective in real situations
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on Memory, created by Isabelle Carroll on 06/04/2025.
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- Isabelle Carroll · Apr 2025
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- Apr 9, 2025
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