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- 1explain how you would Analyse qualitative data* content analysis: converts qualitative data into quantative - through the use of categories - count how frequent they come up - method is used when there is hypothesis to test
* Thematic Analysis: aims to identify patterns + trends - analysing the body of text - often used when categories aren't clear
- used less in well researched areas of psychology as hard to know in advance what theory test - 2what are the features of internal validityoperationalization: defining in measurable terms
control: are extraneous variables controlled
experimental validity: does the study set out to measure what it planned to - 3what are the features of external validity*ecological validity: extent to which findings can be applied + generalized to wider contexts/ real life situations
*Populational validity: extent to which findings can be generalized to different people
* Temporal validity: do the findings apply to other times - 4how do you assess validity?* face validity: assess whether measuring tool is appropriate (piolet study may suggest improvements)
* concurrent validity: obtaining 2 scores at the same time one from old procedure (unknown validity) and one from the method with higher validity
* predictive validity: 2 scores obtained at different times - see if they are similar - 5what is reliabilityconsistency/ sameness of a measure, method or research
- 6how do you test reliability of a measuring toolTest re test reliability: how similar 2 sets of results are on different occasions
Split half reliability: split questionnaire into two and compare both sets of results (should be similar if testing the same thing) - 7how can you assess the reliability of researchers use of a measurement tool* inter rater/ observer reliability: see how similar the results are when another researcher completes the research
* intra rater: how similar they are to different observers - 8what are the threats to validity* demand characteristics: people are aware they are being observed for a study so try to guess what its about + behave accordingly
* social desirability: may behave/ respond in socially acceptable way to make themselves look better
* order effects: what participants experience earlier in study may effect behavior - may lead to boredom/ better at task
* hawthorne effect: participants are aware of being in a study so try harder than they would in reality - 9how could you improve the external validity* replicate the original study - using different participants to see if it has populational validity
* if lab experiment replicate in more realistic setting e.g field experiment to ensure the ecological validity
* replicate years after to see if it can apply to different times - 10what features of the research do you look at when deciding what statistical test to usewhether it tests difference or correlation
independent or related
ordinal or nominal
(Nominated into categories) - 11what is Spearmans rank order correlation coefficient test- correlational research
- two sets of data from the same participants = related
- data is treated at least at ordinal level - 12what does Wilcoxon testdifference between two variables
related data
data treated at least at ordinal level - 13what does chi squared testdifference
independent
data nominal (nominated categories - rather than numerical score) - 14Man whitney Udifference
independent groups
data ordinal - 15explain what one tailed and two tailed hypotheses are + explain when used* one tailed: direction - hypothesis either predicts either an increase or decrease
- used when theory/ previous research suggests trend/ pattern
* two tailed: non directional - predicts difference/ or null hypothesis
- used when no previous research/ or when lots of theories - 16what is a type one errorfalse positive: when the research is too lenient - accepting the hypothesis
likely when they use more lenient probability of <0.5 - 17what is a type 2 errorfalse negative: when too stringent (too strict) claiming something to be not significant when it is
likely when use probability <0.01
* likely to be used in medical research - 18how would you assess validityface validity
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- a (research methods ) psychology unit 4 Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por rose9888 el 18/03/2016.
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