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aggression
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- 1Neural mechanisms in aggressionLimbin system
Serotonin - 2Limbic systemKey role in human and nonhuman animals in how an organism assesses and responds to environmental threats and challenges
Reactivity of amygdala proven to be important predictor of aggressive behaviour - 3The Ultimate GameGospic 2011
Assessing aggressive behaviour
2 players, the proposer offers to split money in certain way with the responder
Ppt always responder whilst having brain scanned by fMRI
If rejected both get nothing
When responders reject an unfair offer fast and heightened response by amygadala - 4Benzodiazepine effectReduces arousal of ANS
Halved number of rejections and decreased the activity of the amygdala - 5SerotoninNeurotransmitter involved in communications of impulses between neurons
Widespread inhibitory effects on the brain
Normal levels in orbitofrontal cortex linked with reduced firing of neurons so higher degree of self-control
Decreased serotonin - increase in impulsive behaviours - 6Matti VirkkunenCompared levels of a serotonin breakdown product in the cerebrospinal fluid of violent impulsive and non-violent impulsive behaviour
Levels significantly lower in impulsive behaviour and also suffer from sleep irregularities - serotonin regulates sleep
Supporting role of serotonin in reactive aggression - 7Hormonal mechanisms TestosteroneAnimal studies have demonstrated experimental increases in testosterone are related to greater aggression in several species
Evidence of similar association from prison studies
Dolan - positive correlation between test levels and aggressive behaviours 60 males in max security UK prison
Men mostly suffered from personality disorders and had histories of impulsively violent behaviour - 8Genetic factorsTwin studies
Adoption studies
MAOA gene
GxE interactions - 9Twin studiesCoccaro
Aggressive behaviour defined as direct physical assult
50% MZ twins 19% DZ twins
Verbal aggression 28% MZ 7% DZ - 10Adoption studiesRhee and Waldman
Meta-analysis of adoption studies
Genetic influences accounted for 41% of the variance in aggression
P much in line with findings from twin studies - 11MAOA geneMAOA enzyme breaks down neurotransmitters - especially serotonin - into constituent chemicals to be recycled
MAOA gene controls production of this enzyme dysfunction would affect levels of serotonin
One variant of MAOA gene leads to low MAOA activity in brain has been associated with various forms of aggressive behaviour - 12Brunner MAOA research28 male members of Dutch family repeatedly involved in impulsively aggressive crimes
Abnormally low levels of MAOA in their brains - 13Gregory Stuart MAOA research97 men involved in inflicting intimate partner violence
Men with low-activity MAOA gene found to be most violent
Highest levels of physical and psychological aggression and inflicted worst injuries - 14Gene-environment interactionsLow MAOA gene only associated with adult aggression when combined with early life traumatic events
- 15Frazzetto ResearchFound association but only case for people who had experienced significant trauma in first 15 years of their life
- 16Ethological explanationAdaptive functions of aggression
Ritualistic aggression
Innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns
Research - 17Adaptive functions of aggressionAggression is beneficial to survival
Forces competition to find new territory, reducing competition pressure and possibility of starvation
Establish dominance hierarchies - 18Ritualistic aggressionLorenz noted that in fights between animals little physical damage actually done
Most encounters cosisted mainly of period of ritualistic signalling
Intra-species confrontations end with ritual appeasement displays - indicate acceptance of defeat and inhibit aggressive behaviour in the victor
Jugular vien
Adaptive as if fights ended in death would threaten existance of species - 19Innate releasing mechanismsBuilt-in physiological process or structure which are triggered by an environmental stimuli and then 'releases' a specific sequence of behaviours known as a Fixed Action Pattern
- 20FAPs 6 main featuresStereotyped (unchanging)
Universal (every individual of species)
Unaffected by learning
'Ballistic' (follows inevitable course)
Single-purpose (specific situations)
Response to an identifiable specific sign stimulus - 21Key Study into IRMs and FAPsMale sticklebacks highly territorial during mating season and develop red spot
Male enters their territory FAP is initiated
Sign stimulus is sight of the red spot
Tinbergen presented series of diff shaped sticklebacks and found that regardless of shape if model had red spot the stickleback would behave aggressively
Also found once triggered FAPs ran their course to completion - 22Evolutionary explanationSexual jealously major motivator
Men can never be totally sure whether they have fathered a child
Paternity uncertainty due to threat of cuckoldry
Any investment in offspring that dont share genes is a waste of resources
Psychological mechanisms have evolved to increase anti-cucoldry behaviour in males - 23Male retention strategiesDirect guarding - male vigilance over partner's behaviour
Negative inducements - issuing threats of dire consequences for infidelity
Margo Wilson found that women who reported these strategies were twice as likely to have suffered physical violence
73% medical attention 53% feared for lives - 24Intimate partner violence researchShackelford 2005
107 married couples completed different questionnaires, all married less than one year
Men - Male Retention Inventory
Women - Spouse Influence Report (extent of partner's violence in relationship)
Strong positive correlation between mate retention and physical violence - 25Evolutionary explanations of bullyingBullying may have occurred to increase chances of survival by promoting own health and creating opportunities for reproduction
Volk et al - bullying characteristics attractive to opposite sex and wards off potential rivals
So behaviours naturally selected as would have greater reproductive success
Women use bullying to secure a partner's fidelity to provide resources for future offspring - again naturally selected - 26Frustration-AggressionIf an attempt to achieve a goal is blocked by an external factor we experience frustration
This creates an aggressive drive which leads to aggressive behaviour
This is cathartic because aggression created by the frustration is satisfied, reducing the drive and making further aggression less likely - 273 reasons aggression may not be expressed directly against sourceCause of frustration may be abstract e.g economic situation
Cause may be too powerful and risk punishment
Cause may be unavailable at the time
Anger is therefore deflected onto an alternative - 28Research into frustration-aggressionRussell Geen
Male university students completing jigsaw
3 ways of frustration - puzzle impossible to solve, ran out of time became another student (confederate) kept interfering, confederate insulted ppt when they failed
Then ppts giving electric shocks to confederate when they made mistake on task
Insulted - biggest shocks, then Interfered, then Impossible task
All 3 gave higher than control non-frustrated group - 29Role of environmental cuesBerkowitz says frustration creates readiness for aggression
Presence of aggressive cues in the environment make acting upon this more likely - 30Study into environmental cuesBerkowitz and LePage
Student ppts to be given electric shocks in lab situation, creating anger and frustration
Individual who gave shocks was a confederate
Ppt could then choose to give shocks to confederate
In one condition 2 guns present - average 6.07 shocks given
No guns - 4.67
Weapons effect - 31Social Learning TheoryDirect and Indirect Learning
Observational learning and vicarious reinforcement
Cognitive control
Self-efficacy
Research - 32Direct and Indirect LearningDirectly through operant conditioning - positive and negative reinforcement and punishment
Indirect - observational learning, accounts for social learning of most aggressive behaviours - 33Observational learning and vicarious reinforcementChildren acquire specific aggressive behaviours through observing aggressive models
Work out how to perform a behaviour and also observe the consequence
If rewarded the child learns its effective in getting what they want
Vicarious reinforcement and punishment - 34Cognitive control of aggressive behaviourAttention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation - 35Self-efficacyThe extent to which we believe our actions will achieve a desired goal
Child's confidence in their ability to be aggressive grows as they will learn it can bring rewards
Develops with each successful outcome - 36Research into SLTBandura's bobo doll
Observed adult model assaulting doll
Children then not allowed to play with doll - period of frustration
Taken to another room with bobo doll
Children imitated verbal and physical behaviours they observed
Control group - non existant aggressive behaviour - 37De-individuationCrowd behaviour
How does it lead to aggression?
Role of self-awareness
Research - 38Crowd behaviourIn a crowd we lose restraint and have the freedom to behave in ways we otherwise wouldnt
Lose our senses of both individual self-identity and responsibility for behaviour
Greater disregard for norms and even laws
Responsibility shared so experience less personal guilt - 39How does deindividuation lead to aggression?Deindividuated behaviours are impulsive, emotional and irrational
Anti-normative and disinhibited
We stop monitoring and regulating our own behaviour, ignore social norms and 'live in the moment' failing to think about long term plans - 40Role of self-awarenessPrivate self-awareness - own feelings and behaviours ignored as attention is focused outwardly to the events, less self-critical
Public self-awareness - how much we care about what others think, is reduced in a crowd, anonymous and behaviour is less likely to be judged by others, less accountable - 41Research into de-individuation229 undergradtuate psych students asked 'If you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be held responsible or detected what would you do?'
Students responses were anonymous
36% antisocial behaviour
26% criminal acts
Few opted for murder, rape, etc
9% prosocial behaviour - 42Dispositional explanations of institutional aggressionImportation Model
Prisons not completely isolated from everyday life
Inmates bring in a subculture typical of criminality
Import these behaviours of a means of navigating through unfamiliar and frightening situations
Establish power, status influence and access to resources - 43Research into importation model813 juvenile delinquents in California
Brought into confinement several negative dispositional features such as experiences of childhood trauma, high levels of anger, history of substance abuse etc
These inmates more likely to engage in suicidal activity and sexual misconduct , and acts of physical violence - 44Situational explanations - Deprivation modelHarsh conditions are stressful, have to cope by resorting to aggressive and violent behaviour
Deprived of freedom, independence, goods and services, safety and heterosexual intimacy
Deprivation of material goods leads to increased competition to acquire them - 45Research into deprivationSteiner looked at 512 prisons in the US
Inmate-on-inmate violence more common in prisons with higher levels of female staff, high levels of African-American inmates, Hispanic inmates, inmates in custody for their own safety
Factors reliably predicted aggressive behaviour - 46Effects of computer games 4 research typesExperimental studies
Correlational studies
Longitudinal studies
Meta-analyses - 47Experimental studiesBatholow and Anderson
Students played Mortal Kombat or PGA Golf
Carried out Taylor Competitive Reaction Time Task where they deliver blasts of white noise
Violent game players gave significantly higher levels of white noise 5.97 to 4.6 - 48Correlational studiesDeLisi
227 juvenile offenders
Used unstructured interviews to gather data on measures of aggression and violent game-playing
Offenders aggressive behaviour significantly correlated with how often they played violent games and how much they enjoyed them
Should be public health issue - 49Longitudinal studiesLink between 'excessive' tv watching in childhood and aggressive behaviour in adulthood
1037 people born in NZ, measured TV hours at regular intervals up to 26y/o
Time spent watching TV reliable predictor of aggressive behaviour in adulthood
More likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
May be amount of tv watched instead of content - 50Meta-analysesCraig Anderson
136 studies including all methodology from above
Exposure to violent video games was associated with an increase in aggressive behaviours
True for both male and females in individualist and collectivist cultures
Higher quality studies showed even greater significant effect
Effect of video games on behaviour is greater than second-hand smoke on cancer
No indication of publication bias - 51DesensitisationRepeatedly viewing aggression means children become habituated to its effects
Resulting in reduced anxiety and psychological arousal
Also promotes that its socially acceptable way to deal with conflict
Lab study - Weisz and Earls Straw Dogs vs non-violent film
Straw Dogs - greater acceptance of rape myths and sexual aggression, less sympathy to rape victim, more likely to find defendant guilt - 52DisinhibitionUsual restraints on behaviour are loosened after exposure to violent media
Aggressive behaviour made to appear normative
Minimalise the effects of violence on the victims
Creates new social norms for the viewer - 53Cognitive primingCan provide us with a 'script' about how violent situations may 'play out'
This script is stored in memory so we become primed to be aggressive
Script is triggered when we encounter cues in a situation
Study into song lyrics
Male ppts who listened to songs featuring derogatory lyrics about women, behaved more aggressively to female confederate
Replicated with females and 'men-hating' song and similar results found
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- Fichas sobre aggression , creado por Emily O'Dell el 17/06/2017.
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- Emily O'Dell
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