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Flashcards

The Positive School (ch. 2)

Calli Ware Theories English 53 cards

Cards in this deck (53)

  1. 1How did people explain bad behavior "back in the day"?- SPIRITUALISM
    - Good v. Evil
    - " The devil made me do it"
  2. 2Spiritualism Explanations- Natural disasters were punishments by spirits for wrongdoings
    - Trial by battle (god would save you if you were innocent)
  3. 3Compurgation- Allowed the accused to have reputable people swear under oath that they were innocent
  4. 4What is wrong with spiritual explanations?- Cannot be tested
    - Therefore, led to natural explanation
  5. 5The Classical School- Cesare Beccaria
  6. 6Cesare Beccaria- Father of Criminal Justice
    - Deference model
    - Strong belief in social contract
  7. 7Social Contract- Society should give up certain rights for the governments protection of them
  8. 8Principles of Becarria- Punishments must be certain, swift, and severe
    - Offender should be viewed as a reasonable person
    - Its better to prevent crimes than to punish them
  9. 9Two Types of Deterrence1. General
    2. Specific
  10. 10Two Types of Deterrence * General *- You don't do something because you're scared of getting in trouble
  11. 11Two Types of Deterrence * Specific *- You experience a punishment first hand
  12. 12Three Elements of Deterrence1. Swift
    2. Certain
    3. Severe
  13. 13Three Elements of Deterrence * Swift *SWIFT
    - Punishment must be soon enough that the offender can link the crime & punishment together
    - 6th amendment
  14. 14Three Elements of Deterrence * Certain *CERTAIN
    - Certainty that you are going to be caught and punished
    - MOST IMPORTANT
  15. 15Three Elements of Deterrence * Severe *SEVERE
    - The punishment must fit the crime
  16. 16The Positive School- Crime is based on your physical makeup
  17. 17Johann Layater & Physiognomy- The study of facial features to determine behavior
    - Crazy eyes, big ears, pointy mouth
    - White man was the only one who looked "normal"
  18. 18Franz Joseph Gall & Phrenology- Determining human disposition based on bumps on the skull
  19. 19Lombroso's Positive School- Work based on Darwinism
    - Studied soldiers & their physical differences
    - Certain criminals were born atavistic
  20. 20Lombroso's Atavistic- Less evolved than the average human
    - Identified through stigmata
  21. 21Lombroso's Atavistic Individuals- Abnormally large/small ears, nose, eyes, jaws
    - Tattoos
    - Family history
  22. 22Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals1. Born criminals
    2. Insane criminals
    3. Occasional criminals
    4. Criminals of passion
  23. 23Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Born Criminal *- Atavistic characteristics
  24. 24Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Insane Criminal *- Idiotism, imbeciles, paranoias, alcoholics, epileptics
  25. 25Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Occasional Criminal *- Crimes explained by opportunity but do not have innate traits that predispose them to criminality
  26. 26Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Criminals of Passion *- Commit crimes out of anger, love, or honor
  27. 27Lombroso's Lasting Legact- Put forth a multiple factor explanation of crime
    - Pushed the study of crime towards science
    - Father of Positive School
  28. 28Italian Criminological Tradition- Enrico Ferri
    - Raffaele Garofalo
  29. 29Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal & Interactive Effects- Created habitual criminal
    - Criminality can be explained by interactive effects of physical, individual & social
  30. 30Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal & Interactive Effects- Physical: race, geography, temperature
    - Individual: age, gender, psychological
    Social: population, religion, culture
  31. 31Raffaele Garofalo & Pity/Probity- Major belief: Society is more important than the individual
    - Crime is an act against nature
  32. 32Raffaele Garofalo & Pity/Probity1. Pity - voluntary infliction of the suffering of others
    2. Probity: respect the property of others
  33. 33Other Early Studies- Goring
    - Kretschmer
    - Sheldon
    - Frued
  34. 34Goring & English Convicts- Studied 3,000 english convicts
    - Determined no significant difference between criminals/non except for stature and body weight
    - Criminals slightly smaller
  35. 35Kretschmer Three Body Types1. Asthenic
    2. Athletic
    3. Pyknic
  36. 36Kretschmer Three Body Types * Asthenic *- Lean and narrowly built
    - Prone to schizophrenia
  37. 37Kretschmer Three Body Types * Athletic *- Muscular
    - Prone to schizophrenia
  38. 38Kretschmer Three Body Types * Pyknic *- Medium build with propensity to be overweight
    - Prone to manic depression
  39. 39William Sheldon & Somatotyping- In general body types can predict criminality
    - Endomorphic, mesomorph, Ectomorph
  40. 40Williem Sheldon & Somatotyping * Endomorphic *- Obese
    - Associate personality trait: jolly and lazy
  41. 41William Sheldon & Somatotyping * Mesomorph *- Athletic
    - Associate personality trait: Agressive
  42. 42William Sheldon & Somatotyping * Ectomorph *- Thin
    - Associate personality trait: Shy
  43. 43Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego- All behavior is motivated and purposive, but is not socially acceptable so it must be repressed
  44. 44Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Id*- Urges one to commit crimes
  45. 45Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Ego*- Balances deserves between id and superego
  46. 46Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Superego- Perceptions of ourselves
  47. 47Major Family Studies- Dugdale
    - Goddard
  48. 48Dugdale & Jukes Family Study- Concluded family involved in crime because family suffered from "degeneracy and innate depravity"
    - Criminal behavior is inherent
  49. 49Goddard & Kalikaks Family Study- Criminality is more common in some families
    - Criminality of the mother has a stronger influence on the children than the fathers criminality
  50. 50IQ Studies- Alfred Binet
    - Goddard
  51. 51Alfred Binet & Changeable IQ- Created IQ
    - Created to identify youth who were not up to par educationally
    - IQ CAN BE CHANGED
  52. 52Goddard & Innate IQ- IQ cannot be changed
    - Passed on from generations
    - Used IQ to incapacitate people
    - Feeblemindedness: low IQ
    - Moron is the most dangerous
  53. 53Policy Implications- If people are inherently bad, what type of policy will be enforced?
    1. Mass incarceration
    2. Elimination
    3. Eugenics

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Supernatural theories of crime. Crime was determined by physical characteristics.
Created by
Calli Ware
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