Flashcards
Exam #3 Flashcards
Cards in this deck (82)
- 1section of the soil extending vertically through all its horizons and into the parent materialSoil Profile
- 2layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, with properties that differ from the layers above or below it (properties are produced by soil-forming processes)Soil Horizon
- 3Decomposing leaves/organic matter - not always present in all soils, feels squishyO (organic) Horizon
- 4Contains lots of organic material mixed with minerals for growing plantsA (topsoil) Horizon
- 5Materials, minerals, organic matter, and clays exit the soil profile - light color, not always present in all soilsE (eluviated or exit) Horizon
- 6Minerals from upper horizons accumulate here - not always presentB (subsoil) Horizon
- 7Earth’s surface that soils farther up are developed fromC (parent material) Horizon
- 8Not always close to surface - may break down to form parent materialR (bedrock) Horizon
- 9compounds which are not organic (Ex. Rocks, Minerals, Water, Air)Inorganic Compounds
- 10compounds containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of other elements (Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chloride, and fluoride)Organic Compounds
- 11combination of particles in soilSoil Texture
- 12total volume of air spaces between the particles of soilPorosity
- 13ability of water to move through the soil (depends on porosity, but is not the same)Permeability
- 14nutrients used in large quantities by plants (includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium)Macronutrients
- 15nutrients used in small quantities by plants (includes copper, zinc, iron, molybdenum)Micronutrients
- 16Official State Soil of Michigan, formed in sandy deposits left by glaciers, provides significant natural capitalKalkaska
- 17in-depth method of classifying soilsSoil Taxonomy
- 18Rain adds water - Dust adds minerals - Animal waste add organic matter and nutrients - Humans add fertilizerAdditions
- 19Water evaporates into the air- Soil particles wash away in storms - Organic matter may decompose into CO2 - Nutrients and minerals leach into groundwater or are taken up by plantsLosses
- 20Gravity pulls water down from top to bottom - Evaporating water draws minerals up from bottom to top - Organisms carry materials every directionTranslocations
- 21Dead leaves decompose into humus - Hard rock weathers into soft clay - Oxygen reacts with iron “rusting” the soil into a reddish colorTransformations
- 22Fertile top layer of many soils - Significant natural capital component because it stores water and nutrients needed by plantsTopsoil
- 23One of the most important nutrients for plant growth - a component of chlorophyll, plant tissues, proteins, and enzymesNitrogen
- 24Nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere - N2 can't be absorbed and used directly by multicellular plants and animals - Nitrogen can be converted or fixed into compounds that can be used by plants and animalsNitrogen Cycle
- 25developed areas with little to no easy access to grocery stores or other sourcesFood Deserts
- 26About ___ million people live in food deserts.23.5 million
- 27condition where all or most people in a population have access to enough nutritious food for healthy/active lifestyleFood Security
- 28living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition - caused by poverty, war, corruption, bad weather, climate changeFood Insecurity
- 29not having enough food to meet basic energy needsUndernutrition
- 30not having enough protein and other key nutrientsMalnutrition
- 31when food energy intake exceeds energy useOvernutrition
- 32about ___ of the planet’s food goes to waste, often because of its looks1/3
- 33high-input method of farming with heavy equipment, pesticides, and monocultureIndustrialized Farming
- 34low-input method of farming with solar energy, human labor, and polycultureTraditional Farming
- 353 technological advances that have increased crop productionIrrigation, Synthetic Fertilizers, & Synthetic Pesticides
- 36artificial mixed methods that supply water to cropsIrrigation
- 37chemicals that contain nutrientsSynthetic Fertilizers
- 38chemicals made to kill or control populations that interfere with crop productionSynthetic Pesticides
- 39leads to new varieties that increase yield - takes at least a decade for crop to be commercially producedSelective Breeding
- 40altering genes to increase desirable traits and eliminate undesirable traitsGenetic Engineering
- 41process by which mineral-rich irrigation water evaporates, leaving salts & minerals in the soilSalinization
- 42movement of soil from one place to another - can occur naturally or as a result of human activitySoil Erosion
- 433 harmful effects of soil erosionloss of soil fertility, water pollution, increase in the soil's carbon content
- 44converts steeply sloped land to more subtle slopingTerracing
- 45planting crops in rows across sloped landContour Planning
- 46alternating strips of row crops and cover cropsStrip Cropping
- 47planting crops between orchardsAlley Cropping/Agroforestry
- 48trees planted around crops to reduce wind-blown erosionWindbreaks
- 49fresh-cut/growing vegetation that increases soil fertilityGreen Manure
- 50organic matter broken down by microorganisms - increases soil fertilityCompost
- 51charcoal made from woody material and buried - increases soil fertilityBiochar
- 52group of interbreeding individuals of the same species, living together in the same geographic areaPopulation
- 53squaring off an area within habitat to count individuals thereQuadrat Method
- 54trap & tag organism - animal is released and allowed to mingle with populationMark/Recapture Method
- 55spacing of organisms in a populationPopulation Distribution
- 56individuals spaced evenly (ex. territorial animals, plants that secrete toxins to inhibit growth of other individuals)Uniform Dispersion
- 57individuals spread out with no noticeable pattern (ex. dandelions and wind-dispersed seed)Random Dispersion
- 58individuals clustered together (ex. plants that drop their seeds straight down, or animals in groups/herds/school)Clumped Dispersion
- 59Population size can change based on:Births/deaths; Immigration/Emigration; Change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
- 60Populations cannot grow indefinitely due to:Limitations on resources; Competition among species for these resources
- 61Pre-Productive stage (not mature enough to reproduce); Reproductive stage (capable of reproduction); Post-reproductive stage (too old to reproduce)Age Groups
- 62ability to survive under various physical and chemical environmental conditionsRange of Tolerance
- 63number of individuals in a given geographic areaPopulation Density
- 64these become more important as a population size increases (ex. parasites and diseases)Density-Dependent Factors
- 65these affect a population, regardless of its size (ex. drought and climate)Density-Independent Factors
- 66sign of exponential growthJ-Curve
- 67sign of growth approaching carrying capacityS-Curve
- 68number of a given species that an area’s resources will support without impairing that area’s ability to continue supporting that populationCarrying Capacity
- 69when a population overshoots the carrying capacityPopulation Crash/Dieback
- 70when faced with dieback, a population must either:Stabilize its population; Switch to new resources; Move to a new geographic area
- 71these species have a capacity for a high rate of population increase (ex. ants)r-Selected Species
- 72these species have a tendency to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring (ex. elephants)K-Selected Species
- 73these species reproduce/disperse rapidly under favorable environmental conditions or disturbances (many are r-selected)Opportunists
- 74type of survivorship curve: high survivorship, then high mortality later (ex. elephant)Late Loss
- 75type of survivorship curve: constant death rate (ex. songbirds)Constant Loss
- 76type of survivorship curve: survivorship low in early life (ex. annual plants)Early Loss
- 77Earth’s carrying capacity for humans is expanding due to these changesTechnological, Social, and Cultural Changes
- 78True or False: Humans are exempt from nature’s population controlsFalse
- 79average number of children born to women during their reproductive yearsTotal Fertility Rate (TFR)
- 80occurs as countries industrialize and develop economically, per capita income rises, poverty declines, and populations grow more slowlyDemographic Transition
- 814 stages of demographic transition:Preindustrial; Transitional; Industrial; Postindustrial
- 82growth of low-density development on edges of cities and towns, reducing agricultural landUrban Sprawl
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- Environmental Science (Exam #3 : Soils, Agriculture, Population, Urbanization) Flashcards on Exam #3 Flashcards, created by Emily Wiles on 23/03/2020.
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