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Description
Flashcards by Nayet 123123, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Nayet 123123
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Structuralism | (W. Wundt) the focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. Mind built from elements. Introspection as a method. |
| Functionalism | (W. James) Focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. |
| British Psychological Society | 1901 |
| American Psychological Association | 1892 |
| Psychoanalysis | (Sigmund and Ana Freud) focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious structures, as well as early childhood experiences. |
| Behaviourism | (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner) observing and controlling behaviour came to be known |
| Gestalt Psychology | (Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler) deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception. |
| Genetic Epistemology | (Piaget) origin of children knowledge |
| Humanistic/Positive Psycho | (Maslow, Rogers) emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. |
| Cognitive Revolution | mind processes that affect behaviour |
| Biological revolution | link between brain and behaviour |
| Eugenics | practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits |
| Psychometrics | psychological measurement |
| experimental research | study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design |
| correlational research | non-experimental research method which studies the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis |
| Null Hypothesis | N0 no effect |
| alternative hypothesis | H1 effect |
| Falsifiable Hypothesis | K. Popper. If it's possible to conceive of an experimental observation that disproves the idea |
| Directional Hypothesis | Yes or no. One tailed |
| Non-directional hypothesis | Yes, and how? two-tailed |
| Observational Study | where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn't exposed to it |
| Dependent variable | variable being tested |
| Independent Variable | variable being manipulated |
| control group | composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment |
| correlation | relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does |
| cross-sectional research | compares multiple segments of a population at a single time |
| reliability | consistency and reproducibility of a given result |
| validity | accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure |
| confounding variable | unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables |
| Reliability | consistency and reproducibility of a given result |
| Hawthorne Effect | participants do what they think they are supposed to |
| placebo effect | people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation |
| Within-subjects design | type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition |
| Between-subject design | study design: different people test each condition so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface |
| Familywise error | the probability of making at least one Type I Error |
| P-value | The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process. |
| Statistical significance | A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone. |
| Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) | method of statistical inference by which an experimental factor is tested against a hypothesis of no effect or no relationship based on a given observation |
| File drawer problem | Positive-results bias, a type of publication bias, occurs when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results. |
| HARKing | Hypothesis after results known |
| P-hacking | rounding off p-value |
| Non-sequitor fallacy | the conclusion does not follow from the premises |
| Red herring fallacy | logical fallacy where someone presents irrelevant information in an attempt to distract others from a topic that's being discussed |
| Straw man fallacy | when someone takes another person's argument or point, distorts it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion as if that is really the claim the first person is making. |
| slippery slope fallacy | the argument in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect |
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