GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Respiratory System

Miriam Barbara Anatomy and Physiology University English 95 cards

Cards in this deck (95)

  1. 1Four processes of respirationRespiratory system
    Pulmonary respiration: breathing
    External respiration: gas exchange between blood and lungs
    Circulatory system
    Transport
    Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues
  2. 2Function of nose (nares) and paranasal sinusesProvides airway, warms, moistens, filters and cleans air, olfactory sensors and resonating chamber for speech
  3. 3Nasal cavity featuresNasal septum: ethmoid and vomer bone
    Posterior nasal apertures
  4. 4Make up of respiratory mucosaPseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contain lysozymes and defensins
  5. 5Function of respiratory mucosaStop harmful substances entering airway, cilia push mucosa posteriorly to the back of the throat, inspired air is warmed by capillary plexus, sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing
  6. 6Two division of lower respiratory systemConducting zone: transports, cleans, humidifies and warms air
    Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange consisting of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
  7. 7Larynx functions1. Provides patent airway
    2. Routes air and food into proper channels
    3. Voice production
  8. 8What does the term 'glottis' meanGlottis means the opening of the true vocal cords
  9. 9How does voice production work in the pharynxSpeech is the intermittent release of expired air, pitch is determined by length and tension, loudness depends on force of air, chambers and sinus cavities enhance sound
  10. 10How fast do vocal cords vibrateMen: 110 cycles/s
    Women: 180-220 cycles/s
    Children: 300 cycles/s
  11. 11Sphincter functions of the larynxVocal cords may PREVENT air passage
    E.g. Valsalva's maneuver
    Glottis closes, ab muscles contract, intra-abdominal pressure increases, helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk when heavy lifting
  12. 123 layers of trachea wall1. Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
    2. Submucosa: connective tissue with cartilage rings to prevent collapse
    3. Adventitia: outmost layer of connective tissue
  13. 13Makeup and function of trachealis muscleSmooth muscle fibers on posterior part of cartilage rings that contract during coughing to expel mucus
  14. 14Characteristics of the carinaWhere trachea branches into primary bronchi, very sensitive, violent coughing will initiate if contacted by foreign substance
  15. 15Anatomical features of conducting and respiratory zones (bronchial tree)Conducting: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
    Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
  16. 16Changes from bronchi to bronchioles1. Support structure changes: rings become irregular plates, elastic fibers replace cartilage
    2. Epithelium type changes: mainly cuboidal
    3. Amount of smooth muscle increases (in asthma too much)
  17. 17Characteristics of respiratory membraneBlood-air barrier, very thin, alveolar and capillary walls
  18. 18What does the alveoli walls consist of?- Single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveoli cells)
    - Scattered type 2 alveoli cells that secrete surfactant
  19. 19Function of alveolar poresconnect adjacent alveoli
    equalize air pressure
    provide alternate routes if there is a blockage
  20. 20Function of alveolar macrophageskeep alveolar surface sterile, many are dead and are swallowed with mucosa
  21. 21What are lobulesSmallest subdivisions of lungs visible
  22. 22What is stromaThe other substance to alveoli in the lungs that are elastic connective tissue (makes sponge elastic and spongey)
  23. 23Segments of the pleuraePleurae: membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two
    Parietal pleura: membrane on thoracic wall around lungs and heart
    Visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
    Pleural cavity: fluid space between visceral and parietal pleura
  24. 24Instruments for pulmonary function testsSpirometer (can test most), body plethysmography (can test all), peak flow meter (home monitoring)
  25. 25Tidal volume (TV)Normal breathing under resting conditions
  26. 26Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal tidal inhalation
  27. 27Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after tidal exhalation
  28. 28Residual Volume (RV)Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
  29. 29Inspiratory Capacity (IC)Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal breathing
  30. 30Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)Amount of air remaining in the lungs after tidal breathing
  31. 31Vital Capacity (VC)Maximum amount of air that count be expired after a maximum inspiration
  32. 32Total Lung Capacity (TLC)Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
  33. 33Forced Expiration Volume (FEV1)Amount of gas expelled during first full second
  34. 34Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)Time for total amount of air forcibly expelled after full inhalation, approx. 6 seconds
  35. 35FEV1/FVC RatioUseful measure of airway obstruction, usually around 80-90% in healthy adults
  36. 36How would you diagnose obstructive pulmonary disease?Increased resistance resulting in increased TLC, FRC or RV
  37. 37How would you diagnose restrictive pulmonary disease?Reduction in total lung capacity, reduction in VC, TLC, FRC and RV
  38. 38Formula for dead spaceTotal (physiological) dead space (Vd) = Anatomical vs alveolar dead space
  39. 39Minute Ventilation Rate (MVR)Gas flowing in or out of respiratory tract
    Frequency x Vt
  40. 40Alveolar Ventilation RateTotal gas flowing in and out of alveolar in one minute
    Frequency x (Vt - dead space)
  41. 41What nerves are the lungs innervated by?Parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers, nerves enter though pulmonary plexus, phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
  42. 42Where is the respiratory center in the brain?Pons
    Medulla oblongata
    - Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
  43. 43Muscles of normal inhalationDiaphragm, external intercostals
  44. 44Muscles of normal expirationElastic recoil of diaphragm and external intercostals
  45. 45Muscles of forced inhalationScalenus, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor
  46. 46Muscles of forced expirationInternal intercostals and abdominals
  47. 47Boyles LawP1 x V1 = P2 x V2
  48. 48Characteristics of intrapulmonary pressurePressure in the alveoli, rises and falls with breathing phases, eventually equalizes with Patm
  49. 49Characteristics of intrapleural pressurePressure in the pleural cavity, always a negative pressure to prevent the collapse of lungs
  50. 50Why is intrapleural pressure negative?Elastic recoil, surface tension of alveolar fluid, elasticity of thorax walls pulling chest outwards, pleural fluid hold visceral and parietal layer together like water on two panes of glass
  51. 51What is transpulmonary pressure and what is the formula for it?Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure
    Ptp = Ppul - Pip
    Greater Ptp, greater the lung volume
  52. 52What happens in Pip = PpulThe lungs collapse
  53. 53Order of events: InspirationActive process
    Muscles contract, thoracic volume increases, lungs and stretched and ip volume increases, air flows across concentration gradient until Pip = Patm
  54. 54Order of events: ExpirationNormally passive
    Muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, air flows down pressure gradient until Ppul = 0
    Forced expiration is active
  55. 55Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation1. Airway resistance
    2. Alveolar surface tension
    3. Lung compliance
  56. 56Characteristics and formula for airway resistanceFriction causes resistance to gas flow
    F = delta P (pressure gradient between atm and alveoli) / R (resistance)
  57. 57Why is airway resistance usually insignificantLarge airway diameters in first part of conducting zone
    Progressive branching
    Resistance disappears at terminal bronchioles where diffusion drives gas movement
  58. 58What does epinephrine do to ventilation and how is it usedDilates bronchioles and reduces air resistance, released during sympathetic nervous activation and used as a drug for asthma patients
  59. 59Characteristics of alveolar surface tensionSurfactant (made by type II alveolar cells) reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevent collapse
  60. 60Characteristics of lung complianceStretchiness of lungs measured by a change in lung volume, normally high
  61. 61How can lung compliance be damagedNon-elastic scar tissue, reduced production of surfactant, decreased compliance of thoracic wall = more energy to breathe
  62. 62What is external respiration influenced by?1. Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
    2. Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
    3. Ventilation-prefusion coupling
  63. 63What gas increases in partial pressure in the alveoli02
  64. 64Characteristics of the thickness and surface area of the respiratory membraneSurface area is large, if waterlogged gas exchange cannot occur,
  65. 65Characteristics of ventilation-perfusion couplingVentilation: Amount of gas reaching the alveoli
    Perfusion: blood flow reaching the alveoli
    Must be matched for efficient gas exchange
  66. 66What controls PERFUSION by changing arteriole diameterP02
  67. 67What controls VENTILATION by changing bronchiolar diameterPC02
    Low PCO2 = bronchoconstriction
    High CO2 = bronchodilation
  68. 68Is PO2 higher or lower in tissues than it is in circulating bloodLower
  69. 69Where is 02 in the blood?98.5% bound to Fe atom of hemoglobin
    1.5% in plasma
    4 Fe atoms in 1 Hb therefore, 4 02 molecules (8 oxygen atoms)
  70. 70What's the difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobinOxyhemoglobin - Hb carrying oxygen
    Deoxyhemoglobin - Hb that has released 02
  71. 71What is loading and unloading of Hb facilitated by?The shape of the Hb molecule
  72. 72What is loading and unloading of Hb regulated by?P02 , PC02, temperature, PH, concentration of BPG
  73. 73What increases the affinity for 02 in Hb?A reduction in P02 in the blood
  74. 7402 in arterial vs venous bloodArterial: 100 mm Hg, Hb 98% sat
    Venous: 40 mm Hg, Hb 75% sat (venous reserve)
  75. 75Where does 02 affinity start to plateau70 mmHg
  76. 76What will shift the dissociation curve right (decrease affinity for 02)Increase in temp, H+ ions, acidity, PCO2 and BPG
  77. 77What will shift the dissociation curve left (increase affinity for 02)Decrease in temp, H+ ions, acidity, PCO2 and BPG
  78. 78What is hypoxia and it's causesInadequate 02 delivery to tissues
    - Too few RBCs
    - RBC
    - Blocked blood circulation
    - Metabolic poisons
    - Pulmonary disease
    - Carbon monoxide poisoning
  79. 79What does carbon dioxide and water dissociate intoC02 + H20 -> H2CO3 -> H+ HCO3
    Carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid -> hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion
  80. 80Transport and exchange of CO2 in systematic capillariesBicarbonate ions diffuse from RBC into plasma, then chloride shift occurs (outrush of HCO3 balanced by Cl- moving into plasma)
  81. 81Transport and exchange of CO2 in lungsHC03 moves into RBC with H ion combining to make H2CO3 that is split up by carbonic anhydrase to make CO2 and H20
  82. 82Influence of C02 on blood pHH2C03 is alkaline
    Excess H+ removed by combining with HCO3
    Too little H+ results in H2C03 dissociation
  83. 83How does changes in respiratory rate result in blood pH changeSlow shallow breathing allows C02 to accumulate, causing pH to drop
  84. 84What is the reticular formationFound in brainstem and control respiration rate
  85. 85Function of Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)Near root of cranial nerve, integrates input (like an air traffic control)
  86. 86Function of Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)Rhythm-generating integrative center, sets eupnea (breathing rate), excited breathing muscles
  87. 87Role of pontine respiratory centerSmooths respiratory pattern (breathing in and out)
  88. 88Genesis of respiratory ryhtmNot well understood
    Most likely two sets of interconnected neural pathways in the medulla
  89. 89How are depth and rate of breathing determinedDepth is HOW ACTIVELY respiratory centers stimulate muscles
    Rate is determined by HOW LONG respiratory centers are active
    Both are modifiable to changing body conditions
  90. 90Influence of PaCO2CO2 accumulates in the brain
    Releases H+ ions and lowers pH
  91. 91What does accumulating H+ ions do?stimulates the chemical receptors of the brain stem, increasing rate and depth of breathing
  92. 92Influence of Pa02: peripheral chemoreceptorsWhen excited by 02, they decrease ventilation rate
    A very big drop in 02 pressure will cause an increase in ventilation
  93. 93What does hyperventilation result inIncreased rate of breath that exceeds bodies need to get rid of C02
    - Causes CO2 levels to decline (causes cerebral vasoconstriction)
  94. 94What is apneaPeriod of breathing cessation, occurs when CO2 in abnormally low
  95. 95What's the most powerful respiratory stimulant?Rising CO2 levels unless PO2 falls below 60mmHg

Information

Description
University Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards on Respiratory System, created by Miriam Barbara on 11/06/2024.
Created by
Miriam Barbara
Views
0
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?