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| Question | Answer |
| What are microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called? | Pathogens |
| What are three types of microorganisms? | Bacteria Virus Fungi |
| How do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill? | Reproduce rapidly inside the body Produce poisons (toxins) |
| What microorganism damages the cells in which it reproduces? | Viruses |
| How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? | ■ingesting pathogens ■ producing antibodies ■ producing antitoxins |
| How do viruses cause disease? | 1) Infect a body cell, get inside it and reproduce 2)Reproduces so many copies of itself that the cell burst open and is damaged 3)This takes place in many cells |
| How does ingesting pathogens work? | 1) White blood cell detects a problem and moves towards the pathogen 2) engulfs a pathogen 3)white blood cell releases enzymes from are pathogen has been engulfed 4) pathogen digested over s period of minutes and is made harmless |
| How do antibodies protect the body against? | 1)Antibodies attach onto antigens 2)Destroys pathogens |
| How do antitoxins destroy toxins? | They deactivate toxins and make them safe |
| What leads to the immunity from a specific pathogen? | The immune system of the body producing specific antibodies to kill that particular pathogen |
| What can stimulate antibody production in some cases? | Dead or inactivated pathogens |
| What happens if a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen? | The spread of the pathogen is very much reduced |
| What did Semmelweis recognize? | The importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases |
| What did Semmelweis insist doctors do? | wash their hands before examining patients |
| What did Semmelweis find when doctors washer their hands? | The number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital was greatly decreased |
| What do some medicines including paracetamol do? | Help to relieve the symptoms of infectious disease, but do not kill the pathogens. |
| What do medicines such as Antibiotics, including penicillin do to pathogens? | help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body |
| What can Antibiotics not kill? | Viral pathogens |
| Why cant antibiotics kill viral pathogens? | As viral pathogens live and reproduce inside cells |
| What does the use of antibiotics greatly reduce | the number of deaths from infectious bacterial diseases |
| What does overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics result in? | An increase in the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. |
| How have strains of bacteria, including MRSA, developed resistance? | By natural selection |
| How can further resistance to antibiotics be prevented? | By avoiding over-use of antibiotics |
| What do mutations of new pathogens produce? | New strains |
| What happens if antibiotics and vaccinations are no longer effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen? | The new strain will then spread rapidly because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment |
| What do antibiotics kill? | individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain |
| What happens when individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce? | the population of the resistant strain increases |
| Why aren't antibiotics not used to treat non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections? | so that the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down |
| What does the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitate? | the development of new antibiotics |
| How can people be immunised against a disease | by introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into the body called a vaccination |
| What do vaccines do? | stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens |
| What is the purpose of vaccines? | To makes a person immune to future infections by the microorganism |
| Why is a person immune to future infections by the microorganism after a vaccine? | As The body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody, in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease. |
| What is the MMR vaccine used for? | to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella |
| What is required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics | Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms |
| Why is the petri dish and culture media sterilised? | Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilisedbefore use to kill unwanted microorganisms |
| Why is the innoculated loop sterilised? | inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame |
| Why is the lid of the petri dish sterilised? | the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture. |
| What is the maximum cultures are incubated at in schools and colleges? | 25 degrees centigrade |
| Why is a temperature of 25 degrees centigrade used to incubate the culture? | as it greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans. |
| What temperature is used in industry to incubate cultures? | A higher temperature of about 37 is used to produce more rapid growth |
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