Flashcards
1_object permanence
Cards in this deck (23)
- 1What is a Theory of Mind (ToM)ability to attribute beliefs, desires, intentions ... to the self and others in order to explain and predict behaviour
- 2Early signs of ToM in Children• Innate basis for learning about mind
• newborns’ find face interesting • newborns look more at eyes
when they are open than closed (Bakti et al 2000)
Face (Eyes?) => the “window to the mind”
=> read emotions and infer mental states
• Innate basis for feeling
• Emotional Contagion - (babies cry when others cry, they “catch” the emotion) – innate, very basic empathy (sympathy). - 31 yearSocial referencing (emotion understanding): using the emotional
signals of others to appraise events and guide action e.g. visual cliff => infant placed on glass table, half of OK for crawling, then a drop
=> infants crawl on "safe" half, then look at mother
=> if mother looks fearful infant stops; if looks happy infant goes on.
Can’t determine if infant is attributing a mental state of fear to mother or just interpreting the mother's behaviour (facial expression)? - 41 yearsPointing and gaze following (attention)
Protoimperative: pointing to get mother to pick something up Protodeclarative: pointing with no apparent desire for an object
(about 1 year of age)
child is manipulating attention (or behaviour) of others - on some level child realizes what another person attends to can be different to them
Joint attention: child starts to understand and engage with the attention of others
i.e. develops ability to share attention =>Word learning Baldwin 1995 - 52 yearsEarly Desire – around 18 months => broccoli task (Repacholi & Gopnik 1997)
• Desire-happpiness link (Wellman & Wooley, 1990, Cognition):
• Person #1: wants a rabbit --> gets a rabbit --> how feels?
• Person #2: wants a dog --> gets a rabbit --> how feels? Result: Older 2-year-olds recognize desire-emotion link
• Desire-action link Wellman & Wooley (1990, Cognition)
Sam wants his rabbit to take to school
Rabbit could be at "A" or could be at "B“
Looks at "A" (a) finds it --> Search or school?
(b) doesn't find it --> Search or school? Result: Older 2-year-olds recognise how desire shapes action - 6adult TomToM develops continuously from birth through adulthood
=> Major milestone around 4 years with understanding of belief
• Wellman 1990 => go from desire reasoning to belief-desire reasoning
• 2 years – understand that people act according to their desires • 4 years – understand that people act according to their beliefs
• Perner 1991 => acquire a representational understanding of mind
• mind represents the world (in a particular way) • can misrepresent i.e. can be wrong
This shift in understanding is shown by False Belief task - 7What were piagets substages?False Belief task (Wimmer & Perner 1983):
- 8Kellman & spelke (1983), what did they do in relevance with habituation test displays?3-year olds are incorrect i.e. say cupboard
• 4&5-year olds are correct i.e. say cupboard unequivocally involves mental state understanding
child understands the distinction of “mind” (what someone thinks (believes) is the case) from “world” (what actually is the case)
=> False Belief understanding is an “acid test” of a fully developed “Theory of Mind”
Control Q1 Where did Maxi put the chocolate in the beginning? Control Q2 Where is the chocolate now?
⇒ Must pass these to ensure they understand the story ⇒ Therefore if they “fail” the test question it is due to a deficit in mental state understanding NOT a language or memory deficit. - 9Huffman, slade & redman (2005),what did they do?Theory of Mind and Gender:
- Girl babies look more at eyes, prefer biological motion (?) - Girls slight advantage in false belief (1200 children tested,
Charman, Ruffman & Clements, 2001) - 10What were th results of Huffman, slade & redman (2005)False Belief and Culture: Avis & Harris (1991)
– Baka tribe (Camaroon) => unexpected transfer test (deception) – under 5 years failed, over 5 passed
– Callaghan et al. (2005) replicated and extends finding - 11Why did children make this error in object permanence.Huffman, slade & redman (2005)?Wellman, Cross & Watson (2001, Child Development)
• meta-analysis of all False Belief studies to date
• confirms understanding occurs at 4 years of age
• different types of “false belief” tasks all come in about 4 years - 12What test did Baillargeon (1985, 1987) do?Social Understanding and Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind is defined...
– Broadly as mental state understanding i.e. social
understanding
–
– Narrowly as false belief understanding
• Clear understanding mind (what someone thinks is the case) is separate from world (what actually is the case)
• Understand someone will act on their beliefs even if their beliefs are wrong or mistaken
• Synonymous with perspective-taking (Perner et al 2002) - 13What did SHinsky & schilling (2000 find?SHinsky & schilling (2000), thought whether looking patterns reflect conceptual understanding or a low level novelty
- 14Define Means- end reasoning Attention- distraction- memory- Inhibition-such as,
Means- end reasoning- infants have to work out where to get the object
Attention- distraction- less so with looking
memory- looking=recognition search is recall.
Inhibition- may not be able to stop previous search (a not B) - 15What did Ahmed & ruffman, 1998). look into?Ahmed & ruffman, 1998).
Looked into: looking time vs reaching.
within subjects, correct or error.
non search- possible from B
impossible from A - 16What do research ebleiev about ancillary deficits?some researchers believe that infants do have concept of object permanence however ancillary deficits interfere.
- 17In regards to partial knowledge explain how this relates to looking and reaching?Other s believe that infants only have partial knowledge.
So implicit or unconsciousness vs explicit or conscious understanding
(Looking) (reaching)
Graded representation- according to piaget it gets fuller and according to Munakata (1998) it gets stronger. - 18What is a position against the nativist?There is no evidence for innateness or object permanence as neonates do not show it.
object pervenche ance may be constructed by maturation rather than experience.
The time scale of OP is earlier than piaget suggest.
The key issue is wether knowledge tapped by looking and reaching is the same and this is divided into two position. one says yes but difficulty due to ancillary deficits and no says looking is implicit or less full than reaching. - 19What does unification of groups against a "common enemy" necessarily implyAt 12-18 months the infant no longer makes a not b error however cannot handle displacements. Furthermore it can represent the object when invisible and stationary but not when invisible and moving.
At 18-24 months they can handle full displacements and has full object permanence. Representation rather than pure perception. - 20What do piaget tasks use as a measure of understanding and what coudlbe used?Piagets task use reach as a measure of understanding. What if measures such as reach in the dark or looking were used.
- 21Describe the object displacement task?Invisible displacement:
Step 1, the object is in exptr hand
Step 2, exptr closes hand
step 3, hand under cloth
step 4, object under cloth
step 5, child looks for object
step 6, quits and upset - 22Horobin & acredolo (1986),What did they suggest?Horobin & acredolo (1986), suggest more errors when containers are far apart than close yet habit should be the same
- 23What di diamond (1985) suggestFor example; diamond (1985) suggests memory, inhibition/ habit or attention . These are knowledge as ancillary deficient so
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- Developmental Flashcards on 1_object permanence , created by murat sertay on 12/08/2016.
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- Created by murat sertay · Aug 12, 2016
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