Flashcards
7) Self Reports
Cards in this deck (22)
- 1What is a questionaire?-A set of questions that are structured and designed to collect information about one or a number of different topics
-participants record their own answers in writing - 2How do researchers ensure clarity in questionnaires?-All the questions should be written in a clear way that is easy to understand
-If a respondent doesn't understand their response will be meaningless
-this can reduces the reliability and validity of their answer - 3How does the researcher ensure that their is no bias in the questionnaire?-None of the questions should be written in a bias or leading way.
-they should not hint in anyway an expected or desired answer
-A leading question may not mean that respondants give their own opinion but are swayed by the phrasing of the question - 4What is a closed question?-Closed question generate quantitative data
-they restrict the answers given by the respondent to a set of forced choice options provided by the questionairre. - 5Give some examples of a closed question?-Tick lists
-Rating scales
-Likert scales
-Semantic differential scales (measures people's responses to stimulus words or concepts) - 6Outline two strengths of a closed question-The data produced is quantitative so it is easy to analyse and provide comparisons between participants/ groups. Therefore this means it is more reliable
-Makes it easier to present e.g. Graph - 7Outline two weaknesses of an closed question?-Lacks meaning, insight or an explanation as to why participants chose the answers the did. This means it lacks internal validity
-Paticipants are forced to choose options that they may not fit into - 8What is an open question?-Open ended questions invite the person to answer in any way that they want without having to fit their thoughts feelings no opinions into categories.
-Therefore provides qualitative data - 9What are two strengths of using open questions?-The researcher can collect qualitative data such as feeling and experiences which gives much more insight than can be obtained by a closed question
-Respondants are able to express themselves freely. This means that they can tell us exactly how they feel about something feather than simply tick the nearest box, which creates more valid data. - 10What are two weaknesses of using open questions?-INformation gained is qualitative and so is difficult to analyse and make comparisons between participants. This effects the reliability of such questions and the information produces, as each response will be different
-The data produced may not be valid as it may be biased by the reasearcher's interpretation or participants may give socially desirable answers or suffer from evaluation apprehension - 11Why do researchers sometimes use filler questions within the questionnaire?-So that participants do not guess the aim of the study and demand characteristics are not created
- 12Why may it sometimes be better to place more easier questions at the start of a questionnaire and then lead onto more difficult, probing questionnaires?-To give participants more time and to reflect upon previous answers
-May be put off by answering other questions if the harder ones are at the beginning - 13When designing a questionnaire why may it be better to conduct a pilot study or a trial run on a small sample to ensure validity?-to test out clarity to check whether the questions and clear enough and if they measure what you intend them to
-This helps to increase the reliability and validity - 14How can ethical guidelines be kept in questionnaires?-Often anonymous
-Right to withdraw
-Debrief them - 15What is a structured interview?-All questions have been predetermined before the interview takes place
-Researcher does not deviate from the set questions
-Questions have been carefully planned to elicit certain responses - 16What is a strength of a structured interview?-Can be easily replicated as all the questions are pre-set and so another researcher could take the questions and replicate them- Inter rater reliability
- 17What is a weakness of an structured interview?-Reserachers may ignore lines of interest because they have to stick to the predetermined questions
- 18What is an unstrucutered interview?-Interview is very free flowing much like a conversation
-Researcher may have a couple of set questions to start off but the rest is spontaneous usually based on the participants previous answer - 19What is a semi-structured interview?-Compromise between the other two
-Some set questions
-spontaneously veer off down any interesting lines of conversation but then bring it back to original topic - 20What is a strength of a semi/unstructured interview?-Free flowing questions allow further in more depth questions and allow participants to elaborate.
- 21what is a weakness of semi/unstructured interview?-Difficult to analyse and harder to make comparrisons = reduces reliabilty
- 22—
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- AS level AS Psychology (Research Methods) Flashcards on 7) Self Reports, created by Roberta Power on 13/03/2017.
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- Roberta Power
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