Flashcards
Clinical Biochemistry
Cards in this deck (34)
- 1Explain the difference between plasma & serumPlasma - extracellular fluid plus additional proteins
Serum - blood clotted, centrifuged & separate supernatant - 2What does total protein measurement consist of?Albumin & globulin
- 3What does hyperalbuminaemia indicate?Dehydration, accompanied by increase in PCV; not overproduced
- 4What does hyperglobulinaemia indicate?Dehydration,inflammation or antigenic stimulation; obtained by TP-alb
- 5How do acute-phase proteins appear under inflammation?Positive e.g. fibrinogen - increase
Negative e.g. albumin - decrease
Rapid-reacting - increase within 24h
Late-reacting - increase within 48h, remain for 2wks - 6What does hyperfibrinogenaemia indicate?Inflammation & dehydration (TP also increased)
- 7What does hypofibrinogenaemia indicate?Hepatic insufficiency (decreased production)
- 8What does hypoalbuminaemia indicate?Chronic liver disease (decreased production), prolonged malnutrition (lack of precursors) or malabsorption
- 9What does hypoglobulinaemia indicate?Failure of passive transfer in neonates or combined immunodeficiency in foals
- 10What does hypertriglyceridaemia indicate?Endocrine disease, pancreatitis, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, lipoprotein lipase deficiency (cats)
- 11What does hypercholesterolaemia indicate?Diet, endocrine disease (hypothyroidism), hepatic disease
- 12What does hypocholesterolaemia indicate?Diet, decreased hepatic synthesis
- 13What does increased creatine kinase indicate?Muscle injury - degenerative (w/ hypoxia), metabolic (w/ hypothyroidism), neoplasia, nutritional or inflammatory
- 14What does decreased creatinine indicate?Liver disease
- 15What enzymes are indicators of hepatocellular damage?ALT, AST, LDH, SDH, GLDH, ALP & GGT (horses & ruminants)
- 16What enzymes indicate cholestasis?ALP & GGT (with bilirubin, bile acids 7 cholesterol)
- 17What does hyperbilirubinaemia indicate?Cholestasis, haemolytic anaemia, reduced hepatocellular function
- 18What could you test to indicate liver function?Uptake & excretion of bilirubin & bile acids, conversion of ammonia to urea, metabolite synthesis, immunological function
- 19What does hypoglycaemia indicate?Excessive use (e.g. sepsis, neoplasia), reduced hepatic storage (liver disease), insufficient intake, excessive insulin (insulinoma)
- 20What does hyperglycaemia indicate?Diabetes mellitus (if persistent)
- 21What does glucosuria indicate?Diabetes mellitus in dogs, adrenaline response in cats
- 22What does hyponatraemia indicate?Loss of Na through GI tract (vomiting), kidneys (reduced tubular function, lack of aldosterone) or skin (burns, sweat)
- 23What does hypernatraemia indicate?Water loss in excess of sodium by free water loss (inadequate intake, lack of ADH) or hypotonic fluid loss (GI, kidney)
- 24What is azotaemia?Increase of creatinine and/or urea
- 25How can azotaemia present? Outline how you can distinguish between itPrerenal - dehydration or decreased CO, increased production; conc. urine, respond to fluid therapy
Renal - decreased functional nephrons; not conc. urine, doesn't respond to fluid therapy
Postrenal - urine leakage/blockage; clinical evidence & often hyperkalaemia - 26What does increased urea indicate?Decreased glomerular filtration rate due to GI haemorrhage, high protein diet, recent meal or catabolism
- 27What does decreased urea indicate?Reduced liver production, low protein diet, aggressive fluid therapy, urea cycle enzymes deficiency
- 28What does increased creatinine indicate?Decreased GFR, high muscle mass (greyhounds)
- 29What does decreased creatinine indicate?Reduced muscle mass, not clinically significant
- 30How does haematuria appear?Red, cloudy urine, clears on centrifugation, erythrocytes in sediment
- 31How does pigmenturia appear?Red to brown urine, doesn't clear on centrifugation, no erythrocytes in sediment
- 32How does myoglobinuria appear?Clear plasma on centrifugation, doesn't stay in circulation, urine red but plasma clear
- 33How does haemoglobinuria appear?Plasma pink/red after centrifugation, stays in circulation, plasma & urine red
- 34What do you disregard on a dipstick?Leucocytes, nitrite & USG
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- Veterinary Medicine (Pathology) Flashcards on Clinical Biochemistry, created by Ben Harries on 12/08/2017.
- Created by
- Ben Harries · Aug 2017
- Updated
- Apr 7, 2018
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