World History Chapter 16.3

Introduction
1. Renaissance values (humanism,secularism) stimulated criticism of the Roman Catholic Church and its extravagance
2. By 1500, educated Europeans began calling for a reformation....a change in the Church's ways of teaching and practicing Christianity
3. In Germany the movement for reform led to a split in the Church
  1. producing a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism
4. The series of events that gave rise to Protestantism is known as the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
1. The Protestant Reformation was began by a monk named Martin Luther
2. He was born in Eisleben,Germany in 1483 to middle-class townspeople
3. He was studying law, because his father wanted him to, at the University of Erfurt. However, Luther was more interested in theology and religion
4. He feared God was trying to punish him when, in 1505, Luther was nearly struck by lightning in a thunderstorm.
  1. He knelt and prayed to Saint Anne--in return for protection, he promised to become a monk
5. Soon after kneeling to Saint Anne, he entered a monastery.
  1. As a young monk, he prayed continuously in an attempt to save his soul.
    1. He was still unsure God would still find him acceptable.
6. After reading Saint Paul's Epistle to the Romans....
  1. "he who through faith is righteous shall live"
    1. He determined that a person could be made just, or good, simply by having faith in God's mercy and love
      1. Idea became known as justification by death
Luther's Protest
1. At this time, Pope Leo X was trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
  1. 1) sold Church positions to his friends (Simony)
  2. 2) authorized the sale of indulgence
2. What were indulgence's?
  1. Certificates issued by the Church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sins as long as one also truly repented
3. Why did people by indulgence's?
  1. People believed that the document would assure them admission to heaven.
  2. Peasants were promised that the indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins.
  3. People were encouraged to buy indulgences for the salvation of their dead relatives.
4. The Church's agent for selling indulgences in northern Germany was John Tetzel
  1. "Once you hear the money's ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring."
    1. Purgatory,according to the Church, is a place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven.
5. As a professor and priest in Wittenberg, Germany....
  1. Luther preached against the sale of indulgences.
  2. Luther lectured against other Church abuses he believed were corrupt.
6. On October 31,1517, Martin Luther nailed the door of Wittenberg Church a placard with 95 theses, or statements, criticizing indulgences and other church policies.
Breaking with Rome
1. With printed copies of the Ninety-Five Theses spreading quickly throughout Germany, the sale of indulgences sharply declined.
  1. Encouraged by this reaction, Luther published hundreds of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses.
2. Upset with the decline in the sale of indulgences,Pope Leo X sent envoys to Germany to persuade Marin Luther to withdraw his criticism.
3. When Luther refused to recant, Pope Leo X formally condemned Luther and banned his works.
  1. In 1521, the pope excommunicated Martin Luther from the Church.
4. Shortly after being excommunicated, a diet, or council, of German princes met in Worms, Germany to attempt to bring Luther back into the Church.
  1. They believed that Luther should take back his criticisms....and alliviate the pressure the Church was placing upon the people of Germany.
5. Luther arrived and refused to recant his criticisms
  1. He was condemned as a heretic and was rushed out of the city to be hidden by his friend, Prince Frederick of saxony.
6. While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into German. With more affordable translation, most people could now read the Bible.
Lutheranism
1. Following the Council of Worms, Luther laid the foundations for the first Protestant faith: Lutheranism.
2. While Catholicism stressed faith and good works in salvation and the importance of church teachings as a spiritual guide, Lutheranism emphasized:
  1. salvation by faith alone
  2. the Bible's role as the only source of religious truth
3. Lutheran services:
  1. centered on biblical preaching, rather than ritual
  2. were held in the language of the people, rather than Latin
4. Luther and his followers did not structure a hierarchy of clergy, but a community of believers.
  1. All useful occupations--not just the priesthood--were vocation, or callings, in which people could serve God and neighbor.
5. Lutheranism was more than just a new religion in Germany....It stirred social unrest among peasants wanting to end serfdom.
6. When a major peasant revolt erupted in 1525, Luther, fearing social chaos, backed the princes against the peasants.
  1. Lutheranism became a more conservative movement as a result of the death of thousands.
7. Lutheranism had already sown the seeds of more radical Protestant movements that would transform Europe's religious landscape.

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