Writing Acquisition

Writing Acquisition

1. Theroists

   • B.M.Kroll (1981)
     • 4 stages in development of writing skills
       • 1) Basic skills AGE 5-6yrs -Drawing -Letter-like forms -Capitals -Own name -Forming words -Forming sentences -Writing short texts
       • 2) Consolidation AGE 6-8yrs -Writing catches up with speech -Longer texts - Context based style
       • 3) Differentiation AGE 9-10yrs -Distinguish between speech and writing -Purpose and audience are affected
       • 4) Intergration AGE 11yrs+ -Develop their own unique style fo speech
   • Barclay (1996)
     • 7 stages in development of writing skills
       • 1) Scribbling -Random marks -Learning how to hold pencil
       • 2) Mock Handwriting -Draw shapes -Pseudo letters (letter like forms)
       • 3) Mocks letters -Random letters, yet no aware of spacing or symbols
       • 4) Conventional letters -Match sounds with symbols -Initial consonant use for whole word representation
       • 5) Invented Spelling -Spelling is phonetic
       • 6) Appropriate spelling -Correct sentences are formed with some spelling errors
       • 7) Correct spelling
   • Stein & Glenn (1979)
     • Story Grammar
       • 1) Setting
       • 2) Initiating Event
       • 3) Internal Response
       • 4) Attempt
       • 5) Consequence
       • Reaction

2. Spelling

   • J.R.Gentry (1982)
     • 5 stages in learning how to spell
       • 1) Precommunicative stage: Understanding the symbols are used to create a message, yet use them incorrectly.
       • 2) Semi-phonetic stage: Realise letters have sounds, begin to abbreviate words and use pictures to display a message
       • 3) Phonetic stage: Spelling occurs through sound-symbol correspondence and they may not understand that some strings of letters aren't acceptable
       • 4) Transitional stage: Basic conventions of language spellings
       • 5) "Correct" stage: Understand basic and complex spelling patterns
   • Placehold: Using the consonants to represent the word (bcs for because)
   • Weak visual memory
   • Weak auditory memories
   • Typical errors
     • Initial letters being wrong
     • Using phonetic alternatives (Following patterns or incorrect letters)
     • Issues with prefixes and suffixes
     • Misspelling unstressed vowels
     • Dropping consonants (ofen)
   • KEY WORDS
   • Categories of errors
     • Insertion: Adding extra letters
     • Omission: Leaving out letters
     • Substitution: Substituting one letter for another
     • Transposition: Reversing the correct order of letters
     • Phonetic spelling: Uses sound awareness to guess letters
     • Over/under generalising of spelling rules: Using a rule incorrectly in context
     • Salient sounds: Writing only in the key sound

3. Graphology

   • Ascenders: b & d
   • Descenders: p & q
   • Directionality: Writing from left to right
   • Linearity: Writing horizontally
   • Orientation
   • Lower/Upper case
   • Size of handwriting

4. Types of writing

   • Rothery
     • Observational
     • A chronological sequence of events
     • Report- Factual
     • Narrative
   • Britton
     • Expressive
     • Poetic
     • Transactional
   • Perera
     • Chronological
     • Non-Chronological