Flashcards
Aggression
Flashcards do conjunto (10)
- 1Aggressionintentional behaviour done to harm or cause pain to others.
- 2What's the difference between instrumental and hostile aggression?Instrumental aggression is done as a means of achieving a different goal. Hurting the person isn't your main intention, but it's required. E.g. hurting someone in order to arrest them.
Hostile aggression is done for the purpose of inflicting pain, and arises from feelings of anger. - 3Law of BattleThis is the idea that the phenotypic differences between the sexes result from males battling each other for status and access to women. Women act as the agent of sexual selection, choosing mates who offer protection and resources.
- 4What is the purpose of male jealousy?This arises from paternity uncertainty, and is done to ward off rivals. Even in the modern day, this isn't a ridicululous concern: in 3 studies of a combined 24,000 people, non-paternity was discovered in 3% of cases. In the past, this would have been a far greater issue, as birth control wasn't used.
- 5Cultural/Normative argumentThis suggests that aggression is an optional strategy - while we have the capacity for violence, its expression depends on culture and circumstance.
Loyalty to the local community, for example, is influential. It's been found that those who are more loyal to their local community are less likely to approve of ingroup violence, but are more likely to approve of outgroup violence. Similarly, those who are more loyal to their ethnic group are less likely to approve of intra-ethnic violence, but are more likely to approve of inter-ethnic violence.
This is thought to explain the case of Otto Ohlendorf, a Nazi officer who showed extreme hostility toward the Jews during WW2, but also held humanitarian views; his loyalty to Nazi Germany would lead him to be strongly disapproving of violence within the country, but approving of aggression outside of it. - 6What evidence suggests testosterone increases male aggression?Prisoners convicted of violent crimes showed higher testosterone levels than those convicted of nonviolent crimes.
Juvenile delinquents have higher testosterone levels than college students.
Injecting rats with testosterone also increased their aggression.
It should be noted, however, that most findings are correlational. - 7Frustration-Aggression TheoryThis is the idea that frustration - i.e. the perception that you're being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the likelihood of aggression.
It's been seen that drivers without AC are more likely to honk. Riots over the Vietnam war were also dramatically more likely in hotter weather.
In a study, children who had to wait to play with toys played more aggressively than those who didn't.
Goal proximity (or your closeness to achieving the goal), as well as the unexpectedness of the frustration, also increases aggression.
Those who were second in a line showed far more aggression when a confederate cut in front of them than those who were twelfth in line.
However, the link between frustration and aggression depends on the size and strength of the force responsible for your frustration. If you are unable to retaliate (e.g. vs the heat, the economy), or if the relevant person is far away, this leads to displaced aggression.
If the cause of frustration is understandable and unintentional, there's no aggression (e.g. study: conf's hearing aid stopped working during team task). - 8Displaced aggressionThis is aggression against a substitute target when the cause for a person's frustration is far away, or cannot be directly combatted (e.g. the heat, the economy).
If the substitute target is more similar to the actual target, you feel a stronger impulse to aggress, but also a stronger anxiety about aggressing. Therefore, displaced aggression is more likely to be directed toward weaker, less dangerous targets.
For example, when cotton prices dropped in the South of the US, people earned less money, causing frustration and leading to the direction dispaced aggression onto the vulnerable minority group of African Americans, causing an increase in the number of lynchings of African Americans. - 9Social Learning Theory and aggressionSocial Learning Theory suggests that we learn aggression from others, whom we imitate.
The classic study by Bandura showed that when children were exposed to an aggressive model, who played with a blow-up Bobo doll by knocking it around, striking it, and hitting it with a hammer, the children imitated their aggression. They sometimes mimicked the adult's exact behaviour, and also came up with new ways of hitting the doll. The control group, however, who were not exposed to the aggressive model, showed almost no aggression.
Children are particularly malleable, and such imitation and result in lifelong habits. Punishing aggression through aggression can lead to further imitation, however, and not reduce aggressive behaviour. - 10Catharsis and aggressionIt was long believed that observing an aggressive model, or showing aggression in a controlled situation, would be cathartic, thereby reducing your own drive to aggress. However, Bandura's social learning theory contradicts this idea.
Competitive games, which would facilitate aggression in a controlled environment, appear to increase aggression.
Milgrim's study also showed that having shocked the learner, instead of simply recording errors, increased the participant's likelihood of shocking them in the future.
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- Social Psych FlashCards sobre Aggression, criado por Jamie Otten em 13-01-2019.
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- Jamie Otten
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