Discourse

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"Involves sequences of language larger than a sentence"

How stretches of language are organised

Language beyond sentences

Colloquial Language

informal language

people tend to speak informally (colloquially) and write formally

slang such as "yeah nah" and "fair enough" are examples of colloquial language

If it can't be written in an essay. it's colloquial language

Contraction

combining words

"refers to the process whereby forms that are phonologically reduced attach to adjacent forms"

occurs more in speech than in writing

eg- should + not = shouldn't

Discourse Particles

have no direct semantic meaning

the context is important

reflects the speaker's attitude

"features of talk that have discourse particles to do with focus and change of topic and conversational functions"

eg- "Well, I like saw Chad when I like, went to Chaddie..."

Ellipsis

indicates a pause in a speech transcription

(...)

the longer the dots, the longer the pause

Expressive infix

an infix that is expressive

eg- "that is fan-fricking-tastic!"

False start

occurs when a person says something and then rearranges what they say

found in spontaneous speech

eg- "and I think he's, he told me he's glad he has one of those"

Hedge

"expressions used to 'soften' the impact of an utterance"

eg- "just kidding"

Paralinguistic features

"features of speech that are marginal to language"

body gestures, facial expressions, eye gaze

Parataxis

favours short simple sentences that use coordinating conjunctions rather than subordinating conjunctions.

Pause Fillers

used when someone pauses to think but has not finished their sentence.

eg- "Um", "uhh", "and"

Prosodic features

rhythm, intonation and stress of language, relating to the pronounciation of syllables, words and phrases, includes pausing and voice quality.

rhythm, intonation, pitch, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pausing,

Timing

we vary at the speed we speak for various reasons

eg- we speak fast when we're nervous or excited

Loudness

signals a range of feelings

"relating to the intensity of sounds"

Pitch

pitch and melody changes and the pattern of pitch changes in called an intonation counter

"how high the voice is, reflecting how quickly the vocal cords vibrate"

Stress

"how loudly and how long different syllables are uttered"

words of more than one syllable will have one syllable stressed

Reduction

the shortening of a word

eg- and= an', went= wen', going= goin'

Elision

"the slurring or omission of certain sounds in a phonological context"

when one or more sounds are left out of a word

eg- probably= prolly