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Language and gender: Tannen, Lakoff, dominance and deficit models
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- 1Vocab Language and GenderGender: the behavioural, cultural or psychological traits associated with one sex.
Androcentric: having an inbuilt bias towards men.
Marking: identifies item as different from norm ('Family Man')- modifies the noun suggesting unusual/untraditional because it needs defining. - 2Deborah Tannen's Difference Model, 1990 Student of Lakoff'The desire to affirm that women are equal has made some scholars reluctant to show that they are different. There are gender differences in ways of speaking, and we need to identify and understand them.'
- 3-Status v support: men show power/dominance, women support/agree. -Independence v intimacy: men don't rely on others, women connect/maintain closeness. -Advice v Understanding: men offer solutions, women show empathy and understanding.-Information v Feelings: men are factual, women have an emotional viewpoint.
-Order v Proposals: men are direct e.g. imperatives, women avoid commands and are suggestive.
-Conflict v compromise: men argue and women avoid conflict and negotiate a solution/compromise. - 4Robin Lakoff and the Deficit Approach: Male language is the right of speaking, women's is missing something: -hedges e.g. sort of, kind of -empty adjectives e.g. divine, adorable -super-polite forms e.g. would you mind? -Apologizes more -Speaks less frequently-Avoids coarse language or expletives
-Tag question, you don't mind doing this, do you?
-Hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation e.g. articulation
9. Indirect requests
10. Speak in italics e.g. tones to phrase certain words. - 5Vocab ConnotationsConnotations: an associated secondary meaning.
Lexical priming: the way in which words appear to be ready-made for certain meanings, as a result of their habitual use in the same contexts (Hoey 2005) - 6Pamela Fishman 1983, Dominance Model Recorded conversations between young American couples and found: Tag question used around 4x more by females, they are used to start conversations/continue and sustain dialogue as men often reply with minimal answers.Tag questions are used for conversational power rather than tentativeness. 'Conversational shitwork' is where someone has to initiate the conversation. Men are reluctant to do 'shitwork' as they think they have the dominant role.
- 7Janet Holmes, impact of gender on psychological aspects: 'gender similarities hypothesis'Males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different.
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- A level English Language Flashcards on Untitled, created by Ophelia Embling on 09/05/2017.
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