Flashcards
Chapter 9 - Cognitive Development
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1EpistemologyThe study of the origins of knowledge and how we know what we know
- 2AdaptationPiaget believed that adaptation is composed of two processes, assimilation and accommodation, which work together to drive development forward.
- 3AssimilationThe process through which children incorporate new experiences into their preexisting schemes
- 4AccommodationThe cognitive process through which children adapt to new experiences by modifying their preexisting schemes.
- 5EquilibrationIn Piagetian theory, a state in which children's schemes are in balance and are undisturbed by conflict.
- 6Reflexive schemesFrom birth to 1 month old of age. In piaget's theory the first substage of sensorimotor development, when infants use their innate reflexes to explore the world.
- 7Coordination of seconddary schemesFrom approximately 10-12 months. The fourth substage of the sensorimotor development, when infants begin to deliberately combine schemes to achieve goals.
- 8Tertiary circular reactionsFrom approximately 12-18 months. The fifth substage of the sensorimotor development, when the child begins to search for novelty and uses trial and error to explore the characteristics and properties of objects, and develops new ways of solving problems.
- 9Beginning of thoughtFrom approximately 18-24 months. The final substage of the sensorimotor development, when children become able to form enduring mental representations.
- 10EgocentrismCharacteristic of childrens thinking in preoperational stage, in which they find it difficult to see things from another person's point of view.
- 11AnimismCharacteristic of childrens thinking in preoperational stage, in which they tend to attribute life and life-like qualities to inanimate objects, particularly those that move and are active.
- 12CentrationThe focusing or centring of attention on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others. A characteristic of preoperational thought.
- 13Deffered imitationThe ability to copy or mimic the actions of others, some time after they have seen these actions, an important type of learning in humans, and facilitated by mirror neurons.
- 14Symbolic function substageThe first substage in piaget's preoperational stage of reasoning, in which children acquire the ability to mentally represent object that are not physically present.
- 15Intuitive substageFrom approximately 4 to 7 years. The second part of piaget's preoperational stage of thinking, when children begin to classify order, and quantify in a more systematic manner.
- 16Pretend play'Make-believe play' in which the child may pretend to be other people or act out real-life situations.
- 17Three mountain task (+explain what happens in preoperational stage)A task used by Piaget where the child is shown a model of three mountains and asked to choose the view that would be seed by someone in a different location from themselves, an the preoperational child typically chooses the view from their own location.
- 18Rational imitationWhere infants produce an action that they think the adult intended to do, rather than what the adult actually did.
- 19Seriation taskPutting items in a coherent or logical order.
- 20Transitive inferenceThe relation between two (or more) premises (e.g., A>B, B>C) that leads to an inference that logically necassary (A>C)
- 21False positiveBelieving something to be true, when in fact it is false.
- 22Class inclusionThe ability to coordinate and reason about parts and wholes simultaneously in recognising relations between classes and subclasses.
- 23CategorisationThe grouping together of items that have some characteristic or characteristics in common.
- 24ReversibilityThe ability to imagine a series of steps in both forward and reverse directions. Characteristic of thinking in piaget's concrete operations stage.
- 25Horizontal décalageRefers to the non-synchronous development of children on piagetian tasks (e.g. cases in which children may succeed on conservation of number tasks but not on conservation of continuous quantity)
- 26Vertical décalageWithin Piagetian terminology this is where the child has a level of understanding at one level (perhaps at the level of action) that has to be reconstructed at a later age at a different stage or level of understanding (perhaps at the level of thought).
- 27PhenomenismKnowledge that is limited to appearances such that, in tasks that involve distinguishing reality from appearance, children report only appearance. (3 yo do this)
- 28RealismBelieving that things are as they appear and not what they might be, e.g. saying that a songe that looks like a rock really is a rock. (3 yo make these mistakes)
- 29ScaffoldingThe process whereby adults structure and simplify a child's environment in order to facilitate their learning.
- 30Overlapping wavesA central concept in siegler's theory of development in which at any one time the child has a number of strategies that can be used to solve problems. Over time less efficient strategies are replaced by more effective ones.
- 31Private speechAs children master language they ccan use internal self directed speech to guide their thinking and planning.
- 32Guided participationChildren's ability to learn from interaction with others.
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- Chapter 9 from the book "an introduction to developmental psychology"
- Created by
- Lisette de Putter · Jan 2020
- Updated
- Jan 31, 2020
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