Flashcards
Attachment
Cards in this deck (11)
- 1WatsonFamily life destroys independence and individuality.
never hug/kiss etc - 2Cupboard love theoriespsychoanalytic (drive reduction)
Behaviourist (association of attached figures with meeting of physical needs) - 3Other theories birdsEthological e.g. Lorenz – imprinting with greylag geese
innate behaviours to keep parents close - 4theory Bowlby security and safetyInfants possess innate abilities that encourage caregiving responses from their caregivers leading them to forge emotionally powerful relationships
Early relationships allow the child to develop an internal working model’ - 5Harlow 1958Rhesus monkeys preferred the terry-cloth mother – satisfy not just primary needs, but safety and security
But, they showed signs of impaired development (theorized due to ‘primary intersubjectivity’ – no sensitive/responsive social partner) - 6Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesisMental health connected to relationship with parents
- 7Name some anxietiesStranger anxiety (…appears 6-12 months)
Wariness and fearfulness in the presence of strangers
Differs depending on the person and caregiver’s reactions
Separation anxiety (…appears 6-15 months, peak at 15)
Fearful responses when carer attempts to leave the infant
Also, depends on where they are left (…familiarity) - 8Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970)Secure (60-70%)
Distinct preference for mother over stranger
Distressed by separation, happy reunion, return to play
Insecure anxious, avoidant (~23%)
Little distress at separation, stranger as effective
Ignore mother on return (carer who may be rejecting)
Insecure resistant (~12%)
Distressed by separation, but not calmed on reunion
Seek contact, but resist and show anger (inconsistent)
Insecure disorganized (very few)
Confused/stereotyped behaviour freezing upon reunion
Carer inconsistent and may abuse the child - 9Continuity in attachmentSecurely attached infants at 12m had better social relationships at 3.5 years (Erikson et al., 1985)
Attachment at 12m predicted attachment class at 6 years with 87% accuracy (Grossman, 1988)
Securely attached infants have more friends and are more socially skilled at 10 and 15 years (Scroufe et al., 2005)
Attachment in infancy has also been found to be associated with closer, more harmonious relationships with peers, more intimate friendships, and more positive romantic relationships (REFs in Holliman & Critten, 2015) - 10discontinuity in attachmentZimmerman et al (1997) found attachment patterns at 12-18m were a poor predictor of later relationships
Continuity more likely if the environment stays relatively stable (Weinfield & Egeland, 2004)
Dependent upon the quality of parental sensitive support (Beijersbergen et al., 2012) - 11Schaffer and Emerson (1964)Human infant attachment did not seem to be based on ‘cupboard love’
Most important factor determining their primary attachment figure was who responded most sensitively to their signals (maternal sensitive responsiveness)
Supported by meta-analyses (see De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997) which have found a moderately strong association between maternal sensitivity and attachment
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- Guff Developmental Flashcards on Attachment, created by James Rowland on 01/04/2016.
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- James Rowland
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