Flashcards
English language revision flash cards.
Cards in this deck (73)
- 1What are the three things that Halliday outlined in register?Tenor.
Mode.
Field. - 2What is an abstract noun?A noun that expresses emotion or idea that you cannot touch. For instance 'despair'
- 3What is a presupposition?It is where the author assumes that the audience will understand the topics and the context of the text.
- 4What is a marked term?A term that is stereotypically associated with a particular gender e.g. A doctor is stereotypically associated with men.
- 5What were Lakoff's findings in the deficit approach in terms of her findings towards women?Tag question are used to signify uncertainty.
Hedges and fillers are used.
Empty adjectives such as 'divine' and 'amazing'
Intensifiers.
Precise colour terms.
More polite than men.
Standard grammar.
Avoid taboo
Emphatic stress on specific words. - 6What is lexical asymmetry?Words that cause a division.
- 7What is a transitive verb?A verb with an object.
- 8What is an intransitive verb?A verb without an object.
- 9What are the three types of modal verbs and what are they used for (associated with Fairclough's theory)?Epistemic- Used for relating to a belief and knowledge.
Deontic- Used for relating to obligation and permission.
Dynamic- Describe how something happens. - 10What is a comparative adjective?A form of an adjective that designates comparisons between two things. Generally they are formed with the suffix -er.
- 11What is a superlative adjective?A form of an adjective that expresses the highest level of the quality that is represented by the adjective. It is formed with the suffix -est.
- 12What are Grice's Maxims?Quantity - Say the right amount of detail to get the point across.
Quality- Say something that is truthful, that contains evidence.
Relation- Relevance.
Manner- Be orderly and polite. - 13What are Halliday's individual points about his theory of the 'Ideational Metafunction?'Who and whom= Participants.
What= Processes i.e. actions that are going on.
When, where and how = Circumstances. - 14Which word classes did Halliday associate with each point for his theory of the 'Ideational Metafunction?'Who and Whom= Nouns/pronouns.
What= Verbs of action and states.
When, where and how= adverbs, prepositions and adverbial phrases. - 15What is a pronoun?A word which stands in place of a noun or noun phrases.
- 16What is a prepositions?A word which shows how elements in a sentence or clause relate to each other in time and space.
- 17What is a conjunction?A word that joins clauses together.
FANBOYS - 18What are proper nouns?Words used for a specific place, people or things.
- 19What are concrete/common nouns?Nouns that refer to things we can see, touch or experience physically in some way.
- 20What is the definite article?Determiners such as 'the.'
- 21What is the indefinite article?'a' or 'an'
- 22What is a simple sentence?A sentence that contains only one clause and contains only one verb.
- 23What is a compound sentence?A sentence that links two or more clauses together using conjunction.
- 24What is a complex sentence?A sentence that links two or more clauses together using conjunctions such as 'because' (anyone's that aren't fanboys.') The subordinate clauses can't stand alone.
- 25What is a minor/fragment sentence?It is either a phrase or a subordinate clause which is being used as a 'proper' sentence.
- 26What is the active voice?The clause construction where the subject is also the actor.
- 27What is the passive voice?The clause construction where the subject is not the actor.
- 28What three things did Wareing in 1999 discover in terms of language and power?Political- Law.
Personal- Occupation
Social group- Friend, family and class in society. - 29What are the two types of power?Instrumental- Law.
Influential- Persuasion - 30What did Fairclough outline in power within discourse?Context. Who, what, where, when and why.
- 31What did Fairclough outline in power behind discourse?Influential power. Concerned with the organisation of institutions and the effect of these various power relations on the language.
- 32What was Sapir and Whorf's theory of linguistic determinism?Language determines thought.
- 33What were Fairchlough's theory of synthetic personalisation?The process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage.
- 34What does face mean?Self esteem.
- 35What is Positive face?To feel valued, respected.
- 36What is negative face?To feel threatened, undervalued.
- 37What is F.T.A (face threatening act)?Actions that threaten face needs.
- 38What did Browne and Levinson outline in their politeness principles?Most impolite: Bald on Record.
Positive politeness.
Negative politeness.
Polite, indicating:Off record. - 39What word is classed as the definite article?The
- 40What word is classed as the indefinite article?A
- 41What are the three types of verbs?Lexical.
Auxiliary
Modal - 42What is a conjunction?A word that connects parts of a sentence.
- 43What is morphology?It is how prefix's and suffixes morphs words to have a different word class and meaning.
- 44What is Jargon?Certain words used in a certain context. Not normally understood. Occupational words.
- 45What is semiotic Potential?Meaning of pictures and their effect.
- 46What is an euphemism?It is where a phrase is used to soften the harsh reality.
- 47How are pauses in speech shown?(.) or ([with any number that indicates the time.])
- 48How can interruptions be shown in speech?//
- 49What are hedges in speech?A way of making an utterance less certain. People sometimes think it is rude to make a definite statement.
- 50What is the difference between ellipsis and elision?Ellipsis is where words are missed out.
Elision is where words are missed out. - 51What is anaphora?The same phrase repeated at the beginning of neighbouring clauses.
- 52What is hendiadys?Two words linked by the conjunction 'and' rather than one modifying the other.
- 53What is triadic structure?Information structured in 3 parts.
- 54What is antithesis?Two contrasting parts of a sentence, in antithesis to the other.
- 55What is litotes?An understatement: the deliberate underplay of something.
- 56What is Bathos?Anti-climax
- 57What is epistrophe?The repetition of a word or a phrase ate the end of sentences.
- 58What is praetertitio?Announcing that one is not going to mention something as a sly way of mentioning it.
- 59What is auxexis?A gradual increase in intensity of meaning with words arranged in ascending order of force or importance.
- 60What were Joos' points for formality.1) Frozen- Highly impersonal and formal.
2) Deliberative- Carefully considered and planned language.
3) Consultative- Reflects language used with strangers or people of slight acquaintances.
4) Casual- Friends.
5) Intimate- People you know very well. - 61What are Grice's maxims?Quantity.
Quality.
Manner.
Relevance. - 62What were Trudgill's theory?Overt prestige: Language attaches to respectable, socially desirable.
Covert prestige: Change language to reach a lower status. - 63What is convergence?This is where language of speakers comes together.
- 64What is divergence?This is where language of speakers divides.
- 65What is exophoric reference?It is where references are made that are often cultural and beyond the text.
- 66What is asymmetrical power?An imbalance of power.
- 67What is anaphoric reference?Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning.
- 68What is Cataphoric reference?Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand. It can be compared with anaphoric reference, which means a word refers back to another word for its meaning.
- 69What is idiolect?Your own individual way of speaking.
- 70What is a hypernym?Categories.
- 71What is a hyponym.An example of a category.
- 72What is juxtaposition?It is where two contrasting statements are next to each other.
- 73What is an adjacency pair?A pair of utterances in a conversation that go together.
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