Chapter 6

Chapter 6

1. Classical/ Respondent Conditioning

   • Ivan Pavlov
     • Pavlov's Dogs
   • John Watson
     • Little Albert
   • Four Key elements
     • 1. Unconditioned Stimulus
     • 2. Unconditioned Response
     • 3. Conditioned Stimulus
     • 4. Conditioned Response
   • Acquisition
     • The organism learning to associate the stimuli
   • Extinction
     • A response to a stimuli fading over time
   • The Unconditioned response and the conditioned response are always the same
   • Spontaneous Recovery
     • The reappearance of a conditioned response
   • Stimulus Discrimination
     • When only the CS is responded to
   • Stimulus Generalization
     • Stimuli similar to the CS cause the CR

2. Operant Conditioning

   • B.F. Skinner
   • Reinforcer
     • Positive Reinforcement
       • Increasing a response
     • Negative Reinforcement
       • Decreasing a response
     • Types of Reinforcers
       • Primary Reinforcers
       • Secondary Reinforcers
         • Token Reinforcers
         • Social Reinforcers
     • Most effective immediately after response
   • Rates of reinforcement
     • Continuous Reinforcement
     • Partial Reinforcement
     • Fixed Ratio Schedules
     • Variable-ratio Schedule
     • Fixed interval schedule
     • Variable-interval schedule

3. Cognation

   • Cognitive maping
   • Latent learning
   • Unperceived learning can happen but will only be presented for rewards
   • Signal Relation theory
   • Response-outcome relations

4. Observational learning

   • 4 key processes
     • Attention
       • Observing the model
     • Retention
       • Remembering aspects of the behaviour
         • Imaginal internal represantion
         • Verbal system
     • Reproduction
       • Translating the memory into an overt behaviour
     • Motivation
       • Incentives
   • Self Reinforcement
     • Rewards or punishments given to oneself
   • Self-Efficacy
     • Belief in the ability to cope with life
     • High self-Efficacy
       • Confident
     • Low self-efficacy
       • not confident
   • Mirror Neurons
     • Neurons activated by performing an action or watching another perform an action
   • Antisocial Effect