Mind map

Bacteria

Daniel Mackay English

Mind map: bacteria gram positive and negative

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Bacteria

Gram Positive
- Cocci
  - Chains
    - Enterococcus
      - Can be any Haemolysis
      - Lancefield Gp D antigen
      - Normal bowel flora
      - Can have vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE)
      - Cause
        UTI
        Endocarditis
        Biliary Tract
        Abdo infections
      - Often infects lines
    - Streptococcus
      - Beta haemolytic
        Group A Strep
        Strep pyogenes
        Causes
        Can be non-invasive
        Pharyngitis
        Scarlet Fever
        Skin/soft tissue infections
        Erysipelas
        Invasive Infection
        Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
        Necrotising Fasciitis
        Bacteraemia
        Virulence Factors
        Fimbrae/pili
        M protein
        Haemolysins
        Exotoxins
        Streptokinase
        Htyaluronidase
        Strep pyrogenic exotoxin
        Super antigen leading to massive release of cytokines
        Delayed Antibody-Mediated disease
        Rheumatic fever
        Fever
        myocarditis
        arthritis
        chorea
        nodules
        erythema marginatum
        Acute Post-Strep Gl9omerulonephritis
        Group B Strep
        Strep agalactiae
        Neonatal infection
        10-40% intermittently colonised in vagina
        At risk adults
        Pneumonia
        Cellulitis
        Bone infection
        UTI
        Bacteraemia
        Endocarditis
      - Alpha haemolytic
        Strep pneumoniae
        Old Man's Friend
        Gram positive diploccoci
        Lancet-shaped
        Causes
        Pneumonia= adults
        Ottis media= children
        Bacterial meningitis= adults
        Risk Factors
        Asplenia
        Co-morbidities
        Viral Infection
        May be precursor
        Immune Deficiencies
        Viridans streptococci
        S. sanguis
        S. mutans
        S. mitis
        S. salivarus
        Commensals of the Upper Respiratory and GI tract
        Few virulence factors
        Associated with dental caries
        Cause of bacterial endocarditis
      - Other haemolytic
        Strep. milleri
        Strep. anginosus
        S. constellatus
        S. intermedius
        Often alpha-haemolytic but can be beta or non-haemolytic
        Lancefield group F antigen
        Cause of abcess
        Abdominal cavity
        Chest
        Brain
  - Clusters
    - Staphylococcus
      - Stapylococuss aureus
        Coagulase positive
        Significant pathogen
        Never a contaminate on blood cultures
        MSSA
        MRSA
        Causes
        Pneumonia
        Cellultiis
        Septic arthritis
        Infective endocarditis
        Line associated infection
        Exotoxin Release
        Toxic Shock syndrome
        TSST-1
        Scalded skin syndrome
        Exfoliatin toxin
        Food poisoning
        Enterotoxin
      - Staphylococcus Epidermidis
        Coagulase Negative
        Oppurtunistice infection
        Device based
        Normally found on skin
      - Staphylococcus saprophyticus
        Coagulase negative
        UTI in women
- Bacilli
  - Spore Forming
    - Bacillus spp
      - Bacillus anthracis
        Capsule
        Cutaneous/inhalational/gastrointestinal infection
        Medusa head appearance
        Exotoxin
        Oedema factor
        Protective antigen
        Lethal factor
      - Bacillus cereus
        Food poisoning
        Heat resistant spores
        Enterotoxins
        Post-traumatic opthalmitis
      - Aerobic
    - Clostridium spp
      - Clostridium botulinum
        Toxin
        Binds to presynaptic nerve endings blocking Ach release causing descending flaccid paralysis
      - Clostridium tetani
        Terminal spore
        Drumstick appearance
        Toxin prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
        Sustained tetanic contraction
        Lockjaw
      - Clostridium difficile
        Cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea
        Pseudomembranous colitis
        Antibiotic stewardship and infection control for prevention
      - Anaerobic
      - Gas gangrene
        C. perfingens
        C. novyi
        C. septicum
        Clostridial myonecrosis
        Signs?
        Rapidly spreading oedema
        Myositis
        Tissue necrosis
        Toxaemia
        Polymicrobial
  - Non-spore Forming
    - Listeria spp
      - Listeria monocytogenes
        Factoids
        Tumbling motility
        Exhibit beta haemolysis
        Has endotoxin
        Food usual transmission
        Grows over range of temperatures
        Important pathogen in:
        Pregnant women
        Neonates
        Immunocomprimised adults
        Elderly
    - Corynebacterium spp
      - Corynebacterium diphtheriae
        Angular or palisade arrangements
        Respiratory infection
        Toxin production
        pseudomembrane formation
        Swelling and obstruction
        Mass vaccination has removed it
Gram Negative
- Cocci
  - Neisseria spp
    - Neisseria meningitidis
      - 5% pop carriers
      - Meningeal coccal disease
        Meningitis
        Bacteraemia
      - Virulence factors
        Capsule
        Serotype A,B & C cause meningitis
        Endotoxin
        Vascular Necrosis and haemorrhage
      - Vaccine for A & C
    - Neisseria gonorrhoea
      - No capsule
      - STI
        Urethritis Men
        PID women
      - Rarely
        Septic arthritis
        Bacteraemia
      - Opthalmia neonatorum
- Bacilli
  - Enterobacteriacae
    - Non-lactose fermenting
      - Ecoli
        Commensal GIT
        Common cause UTI
        Pneumonia
        Intra-abdo inf
        Bacteraemia
        Commonest G-ve
        Meningitis in neonates
        Enteropathogenic Ecoli
        Enterotoxigenic Ecoli
        Cholera like illness
        Enteropathogenic Ecoli
        Infantile Gastroenteritis
        Verocytotoxin Producing Ecoli
        Ecoli 0157
        Can lead to HUS TTP
      - Enterobacter
        Normal Intestinal Flora
        Can cause
        Pneumonia
        UTIs
        Wound infections
      - Klebsiella
    - Lactose fermenting
      - Serratia
      - Proteus
        Highly motile
        "Swarms"
        common cause UTIs
      - Salmonella
        Non capsulate
        Not normal Gut
        >2000 antigenic types
        Diarrhoeal disease
        S.typhi & S.paratyphi
        Cause typhoid
      - Shigella
        Low infective dose
        Gastroenteritis
  - Non-enterobacteriacae
    - Pseudomonas aeurginosa
      - Strict Anaerobes
      - Normal GIT
      - Can colonise other sites eg. leg ulcers
      - Infection
        Burns
        CF
        Bronchiectasis
        UTIs
      - More than 1 antibiotic
    - Burkholderia cepacia
      - Significant pathogen in CF patients
    - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
      - Multiply antibiotic resistant organism
      - Cause of hospital acquired infections
    - Acinetopbacter spp.
      - Survive well in environment
      - Can be multiply resistant
    - Small Gram negative bacilli or cocco-bacilli
      - Haemophilus influenzae
        Can be capsulate
        Type B
        Epiglottitis
        Meningitis
        Vaccination
        Common causes
        LRTIs
        Ottis Media
      - Legionella pneumophila
        Atypical Pneumonia
        Slow growing needing special media
        Transmission
        aerolisation of contaminated water
        Urinary Ag used in Dx
  - Curved Gram negative rods
    - Campylobacter
      - Foodborne
      - Cramping abdo pain
      - Bloody diarrhoea
    - Heliobacter
      - Peptic ulcer disease
    - Vibrio cholerae
      - Contaminated water
      - Watery diarrhoea
        Rice water stools

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Description: Mind Map on Bacteria, created by Daniel Mackay on 05/11/2014.
Created by: Daniel Mackay
Views: 43
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Bacteria

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