ATTACHMENT

ATTACHMENT

1. JOHN BOWLBY

   • Sensitive/critical period -infants have to form an attachment in this period which is between 0 - 2 and a 1/2 years
   • Monotropy - infants have an innate tendency to form ONE primary attachment to a caregiver
   • Internal working model - is a template or model that allows infants to form future attachments
   • Research support - Hazen and Shaver, found those with secure attachment were more likely to have stronger romantic relationships supporting Bowlby's internal working model .
   • Research opposing - Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow baby study, found that infants formed one or more primary attachment challenging Bowlby's ideas surrounding Monotropy

2. THE STRANGE SITUATION

   • Background - Developed by Ainsworth and bell (1970) and is an observational study that places infants in high and low stress environment to examine the quality of attachment to the caregiver
   • Procedure - parent enter room with child, child explore for 3 minutes
     • stranger enters and talks to mother
       • Parent leaves infant with stranger.
         • Parent returns and stranger leaves
           • Parent leaves again
             • Stranger returns
               • Parent returns and stranger leaves
   • Evaluation
     • Imposed Etic
     • Main, Kaplan and Cassidy found strange situation to be reliable and valid
     • Cultural biased
     • exaggerate behaviours, behaviours cannot be real and genuine

3. CULTURAL VARIATIONS

   • Van Izjendoorn and kronenberg (1988) carried out a met analysis of 32 other studies using the strange situation form a variety of countries and over 2000 children
     • Germany was found to have high levels of avoidant attachment while isreal and Japan have higher than average levels of resistant
       • Limitations
         • Imposed etic - strange situationdesigned by Americans for Americans
         • 18 of the 32 studies were conducted in the USA
         • Only 5 of the 32 studies were conducted in collectivist cultures

4. PRIVATION AND DISRUPTION

   • Privation - the failure to form an attachment
     • Research - Hodges and Tizard (1989), found that children who were adopted were more intellectually and socially developed and that the effects of privation can be reversed.
       • High ecological validity
       • Extraneous variable difficult to control ,study suffered attrition
     • Case study - Genie, Freud and Dann
   • Disruption of attachment - attachments can often be disrupted or temporarily broken
     • Research - Bowlby's 44 thieves study found that 32% of thieves had affectionless psychopathy
     • The PDD model - Developed by Robertson and Bowlby, PROTEST, DESPAIR, DETACHMENT
     • ADDIDDAS - Aggression, Delinquency, Dwarfism, Intellectual retardation, Depression, Dependency, Affectionless, Social maladjustment