Aggression

Aggression

1. Social psychological approaches

   • Social learning theory
     • A01 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Production 4. Motivaiton/ Reinenforcement
     • Learning through environment
     • A02. Bobo Doll
       • P- 36 boys 36 girls 3-5 8 groups, C1, after 1 minute model acted aggressively, prior children participated in mild aggression arousal, exposed to toys for 2 minutes, another room with aggressive and non aggressive toys for 20 minutes
         • F- in aggressive condition good deal of physical and verbal aggression, higher than those in non aggressive and control groups
           • C- observing behaviour of others does lead to imitative learning
         • A03. ecological validity controlled environment sample size, DIP
   • Deindividuation
     • A01. Loss of sense of indentity, loosening of normal inhibitions against engaging in behaviour that is inconsistent with internal standards
       • A02. Zimbardo Prison experiment
         • P- Mock prison created in a Uni 24 males, one group role of guards, second group prisoners. Both deindividuated and became anonymous member of their group
           • F- Guards create brutal atmosphere

2. Institutional aggression

   • A01. Importation model
     • Bring in their own social histories and traits which influence behaviour in prison. Violence and aggression in prisons is imported from the outside.
     • A02. Mills, Kroner and Weekers- surveryed 202 inmates used alcohol dependance scale to measure aggressive behaviour. High levels of serious misconduct associated with more serious levels of alcohol dependance.
   • A01. Deprivation model
     • Result of internal factors from the deprivation they suffer, isolation, boredom, loss of freedom. Creates tension leads to voilence and aggression.
     • A02. McCorke- relative strength between depriviation and explaining aggression. 371 prisoners, found overcrowding, lack of privacy and lack of meaningful activity influenced voilence amongst prisoners
   • IDA- GENDER BIAS- focuses on men, alpha bias may be significant differences in women cant be generalised LESS VALID
   • IDA- NATURE/NURTURE- IM- NATURE, personalities levels of testosterone DM- NURTURE, environment in prison NO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS both less valid INTERACTIONIST VIEW

3. Group Display

   • A01. Aggresive for survival. To ward off potential rivals enhance status attract FEMALES for mating and offspring to continue gene.
     • A02. SPORT- WILSON- xenophobia documented in every group of animals displaying higher forms of social organisation.
       • MACDONALD- from evolutionary perspective, its adaptive to exaggerate negative STEROTYPES about outsiders, OVERPERCEPTION OF THREAT IS LESS COSTLY THAN ITS UNDERPERCEPTION.
     • IDA- REDUCTIONIST- simplifies to an adaptive response ignores FREE WILL. Ignores DEINDIVIDUATION. loss of indentity in a group TOO SIMPLISTIC.
       • IDA- NATURE/ NURTURE- PURELY NURTURE how we have evolved, ignores genetics, brain chemistry and levels of neurotransmitters. ?????
     • A02. WARFARE- DIVALE AND HARRIS- men compete with EACH OTHER for MATES, those who do well in battle are REWARDED WITH ACCESS TO FEMALE MATES

4. Infidelity and jealousy

   • IDA- GENDER BIAS - NOT EXPLAINS WHY MEN ARE MORE AGGRESSIVE THAN WOMEN.
   • Alternative explanations- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- men more than women, role models parents
   • A01. Aggresive for survival, ward off potential rivals enhance status attract FEMALES for mating and offspring to continue gene.
     • A02. JEALOUSY- DALY AND WILSON- men evolved strategies to deter their FEMALES from committing ADULTERY. fueled by male sexual jealousy evolved to deal with threat of PARENTAL UNCERTAINTY.
       • DELL- MALE JEALOUSY ACCOUNTED FOR 17% MURDER IN UK. Summary of eight studies found 92% male-male murders ONLY 8% female-female murders.
         • DALEY- SINGLE MOST COMMON MOTIVATION FOR KILLINGS IN DOMESTIC DISPUTES IN US
   • A02. INFIDELITY- mens suspicions leads to PARTNER RAPE. CAMILLERI- F- SEXUAL ASSAULT OF FEMALES DIRECTLY LINK WITH PERCEIVED RISK OF HER INFIDELITY.

5. Biological explanations

   • Genetics
     • A01. XYY GENOTYPE- males + aggression
       • Lack of gene for SEROTONIN RECEPTORS HUMAN LESS SEROTONIN MORE AGGRESSIVE.
         • LESS MAOA MORE AGGRESSIVE MORE NEUROTRANSMITTERS
           • A02. MATSON- mice low levels of MAOA HIGH LEVELS OF AGGRESSION. CASPI MAOA alone no effect expressed to aggression in CHILDHOOD 3X MORE LIKELY TO BE AGGRESSIVE.
             • TWINS-1. MZ 75% DZ 24% 2. MZ 48% DZ 20%
               • ADOPTION MEDNICK- No criminal parents- 14% Adopted parents- 15% Biological parents- 20% Both- 25% Biological more impact than environmental in aggressive levels.
     • IDA- DETERMINISM- if lack genetics, MAOA explanations states DETERMINED to be AGGRESSIVE. Ignores FREE WILL+ CHOICES TO BE AGGRESSIVE.
     • IDA- strictly NATURE IGNORES NURTURE SLT REDUCE VALIDITY INTERACTIONIST VIEW
   • Neural and hormonal
     • A01.
       • Chemical to regulate and control bodily function secreted by glands LOW LEVELS OF CORTISOL HIGH LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE
         • A02. Archer et al LOW POSITIVE CORRELATIONS= aggression + testosterone
           • Kouri et al- double blind trail, testoserone or placebo push button to reduce cash recieved by other person
             • McBurnett- 38 boys 7-12 evaluate behaviour 4 years. Boys low levels cortisol 3x more aggressive symptoms compared with boys with high levels.
               • IDA- NATURE/ NURTURE- ALL NATURE IGNORES SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY BOBO DOLL
                 • A03. RATS- hard to GENERALISE
     • A01.
       • Neurotransmitter electrical impulse LOW LEVELS SEROTONIN HIGH LEVELS DOPAMINE
         • A02. Badaway more ALCOHOL, LOW SEROTONIN= aggressive behaviour
           • Ferrari- HIGH DOPAMINE LOW SEROTONIN Rats anticipated to fight
             • IDA- REDUCTIONIST- ONE FACTOR TOO SIMPLISTIC OTHER FACTORS