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Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology

Emily Dening Fitness English 150 cards

Human skeleton image

Cards in this deck (150)

  1. 1Define anatomyThe study of the structure of living organisms and how each part relates to another
  2. 2Define physiologyThe study of the function of living organisms
  3. 3Describe the following body positions: a) Prone b) Supinea) Lying face-down
    b) Lying face-up
  4. 4List the planes of body motion- sagittal plane
    - frontal (coronal) plane
    - transverse (horizontal) plane
  5. 5Describe the sagittal plane- passes through the body from anterior (front) to posterior (back)
    - divides the body into left and right parts
  6. 6Describe the frontal (coronal) plane- passes through the body from lateral to medial (ear to ear)
    - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
  7. 7Describe the transverse (horizontal) plane- passes through the body level with the horizon
    - divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
  8. 8Define isometricMuscle tension is created but the muscle does not change length
  9. 9Define isolation exercisesExercises that focus on 1 muscle group
  10. 10Define the following directional terminology and provide examples: a) Superior b) Inferior c) Anterior d) Posteriora) Towards the head, e.g. the eyes are superior to the nose
    b) Towards the feet, e.g. the teeth are inferior to the nose
    c) Towards the front of the body, e.g. the belly button is anterior to the spine
    d) Towards the back of the body, e.g. the spine is posterior to the stomach
  11. 11Define the following directional terminology and provide examples: a) Medial b) Lateral c) Proximal d) Distala) Towards the midline of the body, e.g. the nose is medial to the ears
    b) Towards the side of the body, e.g. the arms are lateral to the belly button
    c) Towards the attachment point of a limb, e.g. the elbows are proximal to the wrists
    d) Away from the attachment point of a limb, e.g. the elbows are distal to the shoulders
  12. 12Define the following directional terminology and provide examples: a) External / Superficial b) Internal / Deep c) Peripheral d) Centrala) More towards the surface of the body, e.g. skin is superficial to the kidneys
    b) More towards the inside of the body, e.g. the stomach is deep to the skin
    c) Away from the centre of an anatomical system, e.g. blood vessels are more peripheral than the heart
    d) Towards the centre of an anatomical system, e.g. the spinal cord is central in the CNS
  13. 13Define the following directional terminology and provide examples: a) Unilateral b) Bilateral c) Contralaterala) On one side of the body only, e.g. performing a bicep curl with the right side only
    b) On both sides of the body, e.g. performing a bicep curl with both arms
    c) On the opposite side of the body, e.g. much of the brain supplies messages to the contralateral side of the body - the right side of the brain supplying the left side of the body and the left side of the brain supplying the right side of the body
  14. 14Define the following directional terminology and provide examples: a) Palmar b) Plantar c) Dorsuma) On the same side as the palm of the hand, e.g. a cup will be in contact with the palmar surface of the hand when the cup is held
    b) On the same surface as the sole of the foot, e.g. the foot makes contact with the ground with the plantar surface
    c) On either the back of the hand or back (top) of the foot, e.g. a dropped weight can easily fall on the dorsum of the foot
  15. 15Define the following movement terminology: a) Flexion b) Extensiona) To decrease the angle at a joint (to bring the body part in towards the centre of the body, usually in the sagittal plane)
    b) To increase the angle at a joint (to bring a body part away from the centre of the body, usually in the sagittal plane)
  16. 16Define the following movement terminology: a) Abduction b) Adductiona) To increase the angle of a limb away from the body in a frontal plane
    b) To decrease the angle of a limb away from the body in a frontal plane
  17. 17Define the following movement terminology: a) Laternal / External rotation b) Medial / Internal rotationa) To rotate a limb outwards, around the long axis of a bone
    b) To rotate a limb inwards, around the long axis of a bone
  18. 18Define the following movement terminology: a) Circumduction b) Protraction c) Retractiona) To allow a joint to perform movement through all possible axes, combining flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
    b) To bring a body part forwards or to protrude a body part such as the scapula (shoulder blade)
    c) To bring a body part backwards or to retract a body part such as the scapula
  19. 19Define the following movement terminology: a) Elevation b) Depressiona) To lift a body part
    b) To lower a body part
  20. 20Define the following movement terminology: a) Supination b) Pronationa) To turn the palm anterior
    b) To turn the palm posterior
  21. 21Define the following movement terminology: a) Inversion b) Eversiona) To turn the sole of the foot medially
    b) To turn the sole of the foot laterally
  22. 22Define the following movement terminology: a) Dorsiflexion b) Plantarflexiona) To bring the toes upwards at the ankle
    b) To bring the toes downwards at the ankle
  23. 23Define: a) Hormone b) Neurotransmittera) Chemical messengers produced by different endocrine organs
    b) Chemicals responsible for initiating muscle contraction
  24. 24Define: a) Muscle fibre b) Osteocytea) Muscle cell
    b) Bone cell
  25. 25Define: a) Tissuea) Collection of similar cells
  26. 26List the order of structural levels of organisation in the human body1. Chemicals - atoms combine to form molecules
    2. Cells - made up of molecules
    3. Tissues - consist of similar types of cells
    4. Organs - made up of different tissue combinations
    5. Body systems - consist of different organs that work together to achieve bodily functions
    6. Organism - made up of many body systems
  27. 27Cell membrane: a) Define b) What is selective permeability?a) The outer, protective part of a cell / Encloses all cell contents
    b) The cell membrane has the special ability to allow the exact amount of required substances into the cell and reject the rest
  28. 28Cytoplasm: a) Define b) In a muscle, what is the cytoplasm known as? c) What does cytoplasm contain?a) The cellular material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus
    b) Sarcoplasm
    c) Soluble proteins, salts, sugars, organelles
  29. 29What is a fat cell called?Adipocyte
  30. 30Nucleus: a) Define b) What type of cell does not have a nucleus and what does this result in?a) Control centre of cell and contains genes, which is what gives the cell the ability to duplicate
    b) Erythrocytes - cannot repair themselves once they start to deteriorate
  31. 31Myoglobin: a) Define b) What is it responsible for? c) Where is it found?a) A protein found in muscle tissues
    b) Binding with oxygen and iron
    c) Only found in blood after muscle injuries and therefore is considered an abnormal finding
  32. 32Mitochondria: a) Define b) How does it supply the body with most of its energy? c) What is ATP? d) What is the aerobic system heavily involved in?a) The sites within a cell responsible for aerobic energy production
    b) In the form of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
    c) A molecule that the body breaks down to release stored energy when needed
    d) Producing energy during activities lasting longer than a few mins
  33. 33Connective tissue: a) Define b) Provide examples of connective tissuea) supporting framework of the body that helps to support, bind or separate other body tissues
    b) Ligaments, tendons, cartilage
  34. 34List the types of tissues- connective tissue
    - ligaments
    - tendons
    - fascia
    - cartilage
  35. 35Define ligamentConnective tissue that joints bone to bone
  36. 36Define tendonConnective tissue that joins muscle to bone
  37. 37What is an avulsion fracture?When a tendon partially or completely tears, taking some bone with them
  38. 38Define fasciaConnective tissue that covers and separates layers of muscles and can also support, absorb and transfer forces between segments of the body
  39. 39Cartilage: a) Define b) What is hyaline / articular cartilage? c) Define osteoarthritisa) Connective tissue
    b) Covers ends of long bones to minimise friction by providing lubrication
    c) Damage to the articular cartilage at the ends of long bones
  40. 40Define contraindicationA condition that makes a treatment not helpful or even harmful
  41. 41List common disorders of the skeletal system- osteoporosis
    - postural abnormalities
    - ligament sprains
    - osteoarthritis
    - rheumatoid arthritis
    - leukaemia
    - rickets
  42. 42What is osteoporosis?- causes bones to be brittle and prone to fracture
  43. 43What are postural abnormalities?- can make ligaments and muscles overstretched and weak while opposing muscles and ligaments become tight
  44. 44What is rheumatoid arthritis?- autoimmune disease
    - immune system attacks the synovial lining of synovial joints
    - causes pain and inflammation
    - ligament damage, bone erosion and joint deformity result
  45. 45What is rickets?- childhood condition
    - caused by insufficient vitamin D and calcium
    - causes weakening of bones and results in bowed legs
  46. 46List common disorders of the muscular system- muscle / tendon strains
    - muscular dystrophies
    - metabolic diseases
    - myotonia
  47. 47What is meant by an autoimmune disease?Where the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to the deterioration and in some cases to the destruction of such tissue
  48. 48What are muscular dystrophies?- genetic disorder
    - gradually decreases muscle strength and bulk
  49. 49What are metabolic diseases?- can include thyroid and certain endocrine (hormonal) diseases
  50. 50What is myotonia?- a delayed relaxation of muscle following a strong contraction
    - usually present from early life
  51. 51List common disorders of the nervous system- epilepsy
    - stroke
    - dementia
    - alzheimer's disease
    - Parkinson's disease
    - multiple sclerosis
  52. 52What is another word for a clot?Thrombosis
  53. 53What is Alzheimer's disease?- irreversible brain disease
    - slowly destroys memory and thinking cells
    - progressive disease that leads to the inability to carry out even the simplest of tasks
  54. 54What is Parkinson's disease?- progressive disease that causes problems in brain nerve cells that control movement
    - results in tremors and shaking
  55. 55What is multiple sclerosis?- autoimmune disease
    - some nerves have a protective sheath around them called myelin. Destruction of this myelin causes interference and problems with the conduction of nerve signals resulting in an array of problems
  56. 56List common disorders of the circulatory system- heart disease, including coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular disease
    - peripheral vascular disease
  57. 57Define heart diseaseAn umbrella term for many different diseases affecting the heart
  58. 58What is coronary artery disease?- where arteries supplying blood to the cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue are affected (damaged / blocked)
  59. 59What is cardiomyopathy?- heart muscle disease
    - deterioration of the function of the myocardium (heart muscle)
    - places client at risk of arrhythmias or even SCA
  60. 60What is cardiovascular disease?- includes any of a number of special diseases that affect the heart itself or the blood vessel system
  61. 61What is a type of cardiovascular disease?Atherosclerosis
  62. 62What is atherosclerosis?A disease of the arteries characterised by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls
  63. 63What is peripheral vascular disease?- a disease of the large arteries of the arms and legs caused by narrowing / obstruction of the arteries
    - sufferers tend to experience claudication as a result of decreased muscle blood flow
  64. 64Define claudicationPain, weakness and cramping in muscles during walking
  65. 65List common disorders of the respiratory system- COPD
    - asthma
  66. 66What is COPD?- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    - term used for 2 conditions called chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These diseases usually co-exist in the lungs when the airways become narrowed
    - leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs
  67. 67List common disorders of the lymphatic system- tonsillitis
    - lymphodoema
  68. 68What is lymphodoema?- blockage of lymph vessels or nodes near surgical sites causing swollen arms / legs because the flow of lymph is obstructed
  69. 69How many bones are in the body?226
  70. 70What can the skeleton be divided into and what bones does each skeleton consist of?- axial skeleton:
    * skull, facial bone, sternum, ribs and vertebral column
    - appendicular skeleton:
    * pectoral girdle and the arm: the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
    * pelvic girdle and the legs: the ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
  71. 71What is the term called for blood cell formation?Haematopoiesis
  72. 721. Where are blood cells made in babies? 2. As children grow, where does the blood production tend to occur?Bone marrow
    2. Mostly in the bones of the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, sternum, humerus and femur
  73. 73What are the different types of bone?- long bones
    - flat bones
    - irregular bones
    - short bones
  74. 74Long bones: a) Define b) Provide 6 examplesa) bones that consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and 2 ends (epiphyses)
    b)
    - humerus
    - radius
    - ulna
    - femur
    - tibia
    - fibula
  75. 75Flat bones: a) Define b) Provide 3 examplesa) Protective bones for soft organs, e.g. lungs
    b)
    - sternum
    - ribs
    - bones of skull
  76. 76Human skeleton imageHuman skeleton image
  77. 77Starting from the base of the spine, list the parts involved in the spine and list how many fused bones in each section.- coccyx: 4 fused bones
    - sacral vertebrae: 5 fused bones
    - lumbar vertebrae: 5 in total
    - thoracic vertebrae: 12 in total, at the back of the rib cage
    - cervical vertebrae: 7 in total
  78. 78Short bones: a) What do they provide? b) Provide 2 examplesa) Stability and strength
    b)
    - ankle, e.g. tarsal bones
    - wrist, e.g. carpal bones
  79. 79Provide 2 examples of irregular bones- vertebrae
    - pelvis
  80. 80RBCs: a) What protein are they made up of and what is the role of this protein? b) Where are they produced? c) When does RBC production occur?a) Haemoglobin - responsible for transporting oxygen around body
    b) Red bone marrow of bones
    c) When there is a decrease in blood oxygen levels. These reduces blood oxygen levels trigger the production of the hormone erythropoietin, which in turn triggers the production of RBCs
  81. 81Define plasmaThe liquid component of blood
  82. 82What is dilutional anaemia?A relative imbalance between RBCs and total blood volume as a result of the dramatic increase in blood volume that occurs during pregnancy
  83. 83Where is erythropoietin produced?Kidneys
  84. 84What are the types of joints?- fibrous joints
    - cartilaginous joints
    - synovial joints
  85. 85What is the joint cavity?- the space between the bones that make up the joint
    - filled with synovial fluid
  86. 86What are the types of synovial joints? Explain each.- hinge joints: allow flexion and extension movements only
    - ball-and-socket joints: occur when the end of one bone has a rounded head and the end of another has a socket-like feature
    - vertebral joints: occur between the vertebrae of the spinal column
    - saddle joints: occur when the opposing joint surfaces are convex and concave
  87. 87Define ossificationWhen cartilage turns to bone
  88. 88When is peak bone mass thought to occur?By about the end of the 3rd decade of life
  89. 89Define: a) Interstitial growth b) Appositional growtha) The process of bone growing in length
    b) The growth in the thickness of a bone
  90. 90Define homeostasisThe process by which the human body stays in a state of equilibrium
  91. 91List the 3 types of muscle tissue- cardiac muscle (myocardium)
    - smooth muscle
    - skeletal muscle
  92. 92Define: a) hypertrophy b) hyperplasiaa) increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in cell size
    b) a growth of a tissue due to an increase in the number of cells
  93. 93When do isotonic contractions occur?Occur when a muscle produces tension or force while lengthening and shortening
  94. 94What are the 2 phases to an isotonic contraction?- concentric: when a muscle produces tension while shortening
    - eccentric: when the muscle produces tension while lengthening
  95. 95When do isometric contractions occur?When a muscle produces tension without changing length or joint angle, e.g. holding a bicep curl with the elbow at 90 degrees
  96. 96What is an agonist muscle?All the muscles responsible for a movement
  97. 97What is an antagonist muscle?Oppose the movement by relaxing while the agonist contracts, e.g. the antagonist in a bicep curl is the triceps brachii
  98. 98Define neurotransmitterChemicals responsible for initiating muscle contraction
  99. 99Define alveoliThe air sacs in the lungs that are the site where gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged between the lungs and the blood
  100. 100What is the process of gaseous exchange?Swapping of gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and tissues
  101. 101What does respiratory volume mean?- the lungs have the capacity to inhale and exhale a certain volume of air
    - the volume can change as a result of factors such as exercise
  102. 102Define: a) Tidal volume b) Total lung capacitya) The volume of air that is inspired or expired per breath
    b) The volume of air within the lungs after a maximal inspiration
  103. 103What does residual volume mean?- after expiration, the lungs retain some air to avoid the lungs collapsing
    - this leftover air in the lungs is the residual volume
  104. 104When will residual volume increase and why?If fitness declines or as a result of smoking, because the lungs cannot easily empty of air
  105. 105Define: a) Vital capacity b) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) c) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) d) Respiratory minute volume (RMV)a) the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath
    b) the amount of extra air that can be inspired after a normal respiration
    c) the amount of extra air that can be expired after a normal expiration
    d) the volume of air that can breathe in and out in 1 min
  106. 106What part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?Left atria
  107. 107Where does the left atria pump blood to?Left ventricle
  108. 108Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?Out of the heart into the aorta so that it can travel out to the rest of the body (except the lungs)
  109. 109Which part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?Right atrium
  110. 110Where does the right atrium pump blood to?Right ventricle
  111. 111Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?Out to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  112. 112Where do the following blood vessels carry blood to: a) Arteries b) Veinsa) away from the heart (have to cope with the pressure from the force of the heart's pumping action)
    b) back to the heart
  113. 113Are arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated?Oxygenated, with the exception of the pulmonary artery
  114. 114What is the function of the pulmonary artery?Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart over to the lungs so the blood can be refreshed with oxygen
  115. 115What is the largest artery in the body?Aorta
  116. 116Are veins oxygenated or deoxygenated?Deoxygenated, with the exception being the pulmonary vein
  117. 117What is the role of the pulmonary vein?Carries oxygenated blood back to heart
  118. 118What does cardiac output mean?- in order for the oxygen demands of the body to be met, the heart has to pump more blood around the body per min (cardiac output)
  119. 119What is the formula used to determine cardiac output?cardiac output (L/min) = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (L/beat)
  120. 120What is stroke volume?The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle each beat
  121. 121Describe the phases of blood pressureSystolic BP: reflects the contraction of the LV and the stress that it is under as it tries to pump blood out into the circulation; contraction phase of heart
    Diastolic BP: reflects the relaxation of the heart and provides an indication of how easily blood is travelling from the arterioles to the capillaries; the period between 2 heart contractions - the 'relaxation' phase of the heart cycle
  122. 122What is maximal oxygen uptake?- VO2 max
    - the maximal amount of oxygen that can be consumed and used by the body
  123. 123List common disorders of the nervous system- multiple sclerosis
    - alzheimer's disease
    - parkinson's disease
    - cerebral palsy
    - spina bifida
  124. 124What is multiple sclerosis?- autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own cells
    - may result in problems with speech, vision, urination, skeletal muscle control
  125. 125What is Alzheimer's disease?- progressive, degenerative disease of brain
    - involves loss of memory
  126. 126What is Parkinson's disease?- progressive disease that affects brain cells controlling movement
  127. 127How does cerebral palsy occur?After a difficult delivery where there is a temporary lack of oxygen to the baby
  128. 128What are other causes of cerebral palsy?- the mother being exposed to radiation, drugs and infection during pregnancy
  129. 129How does spina bifida result?From incomplete formation of the vertebral arches in the spine, typically in the lumbosacral region (lower back / pelvic)
  130. 130What is the lymphatic system made up of?- lymphatic vessels
    - lymph fluid found in lymphatic vessels
    - lymph nodes (part of the lymph organs and tissues) which cleanse the lymph fluid
  131. 131List the main functions of the lymphatic system- manage fluid levels in body
    - provide a storage place for WBCs
    - filter out bacteria
  132. 132List main functions of the spleen- filtering organ
    - removes microbes
    - destroys old / damaged RBCs
  133. 133Where is the spleen located?Just under the diaphragm in abdominal area
  134. 134List main functions of the thymus- filters blood
    - contains WBCs
  135. 135Where is the thymus located?Inside the rib cage just behind sternum
  136. 136List main functions of lymph nodes- cleanse bacteria, viruses and cancer cells from the lymph fluid
    - when viruses and cancer cells are found within lymph nodes, lymph node swelling may occur
  137. 137Where are lymph nodes located?- in various parts of body, including the throat, armpits, chest, abdomen and groin
    - all lie close to the arteries =
  138. 138List main functions of pituitary gland- oversees other glands to keep hormonal levels appropriate for the body's needs
    - can stimulate the release of other hormones
    - involved in growth, regulation of BP, controlling body temp
  139. 139Where is the pituitary gland located?Inside brain
  140. 140How is the pituitary gland connected to the nervous system?Via part of the brain called the hypothalamus
  141. 141Thyroid gland: a) Where is it located? b) What is its main function?a) Inside throat
    b) Helps to control metabolic rate
  142. 142Parathyroid gland: a) Where is it located? b) What is its main function?a) Inside throat near thyroid gland
    b) Control levels of calcium in bloodstream
  143. 143Adrenal glands: a) Where is it located? b) What is its main function?a) On top of each kidney
    b) Makes and releases stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline
  144. 144What are the main functions of cortisol?- maintains BP, immune function, anti-inflammatory processes and stress levels
    - helps insulin to maintain blood glucose levels
  145. 145Pancreas: a) Where is it found? b) What is its main function?a) In abdominal region
    b) Release hormones such as insulin
  146. 146What is the main function of insulin?Controls amount of blood glucose in the bloodstream
  147. 147What are fat cells called?Adipocytes
  148. 148What is Grave's disease?- occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, resulting in the over-production of the hormone thyroxine
    - results in an increased metabolic rate and can affect many parts of the body including mood and physical appearance
  149. 149How is energy from food made available for use by the body's cells?Through a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  150. 150Define anaerobicThe production of energy without the use of oxygen

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Fitness Flashcards on Anatomy and Physiology, created by Emily Dening on 01/12/2017.
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