Flashcards
Terms for Midterm 3
Cards in this deck (59)
- 1Naturalistic observationsObserve an subject without intrusion or intervention.
- 2Contrived observationsThe setting is set up to test 'real world' reactions.
- 3Undisguised observationsThe participant knows what's going on.
- 4Disguised observationsThe participant doesn't know what's going on.
- 5Knowledgeable informantsObservers are people who know the participants well.
- 6Unobtrusive measuresWhen a researcher looks at trash or graffiti
- 7NarrativeComplete description of an interaction.
- 8ChecklistsStructured approach to behaviours.
- 9Temporal measuresLatency, duration, reaction time, task completion, inter-behaviour latency
- 10Observational rating scalesSubjective way of rating intensity and quality.
- 11Observer biasWhen an observer's expectations influence the study.
- 12Masked studyWhen the observers are unaware of the hypothesis.
- 13Observer effectsWhen an animal or person changes their behaviour because they are being watched. Social facilitation.
- 14Informant reportsWhen someone who knows the target well answers questions for them.
- 15Survey or pollAsked questions over the phone, online, in an interview, pen and paper questionnaire.
- 16Single-item measuresCan be analysed by themselves.
- 17Multi-item scaleInvolves multiple questions to measure one trait.
- 18Open-ended questionsRespondent answers any way they would like. Provides more information but only if they care enough to respond well.
- 19Forced-choice formatGiving an opinion based on the options.
- 20Likert scale5 ratings from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
- 21Semantic differential formatAnswers anchored with contrasting adjectives.
- 22Leading questionsHow a question is framed changes the answer.
- 23Double-barreled questionsPoor construct validity. Asks two questions in one. Which one are they answering? Do they agree to both?
- 24Double negativesMakes questions unnecessarily difficult. Measuring how hard they try.
- 25Question orderEarlier questions change later responses. People want to remain consistent.
- 26Response setWhen people answer a certain way to create a shortcut. Threat to construct validity.
- 27AcquiescenceSaying yes to the questions
- 28Nay-sayingSaying no to all the questions
- 29Fence sittingPeople don't want to decide or don't have a strong opinion. Can use a 4 point scale but it forces some people to decide.
- 30Socially desirable respondingResponding to make oneself look better.
- 31Faking badTo make someone look worse.
- 32Archival dataWhen researchers look back in time to understand the historical past or a phenomena over time.
- 33Content analysisConverting textual information into data. Classifying words into categories.
- 34Self-selectionWhen people volunteer. What makes them different?
- 35Non-responseWhat makes people who don't respond different?
- 36Simple random samplingEveryone has equal probability. Takes a lot of time and effort to do this.
- 37Cluster samplngRandomly select clusters and then participants within those clusters.
- 38Multistage samplingWhen 2 samples are taken, and then random clusters and then a sample.
- 39Stratified samplingWhen researchers identify a demographic category and then select.
- 40OversamplingWhen a demographic is randomly sampled more than needed, and those that best represent the demographic are selected.
- 41Systematic random samplingWhen researchers count off nth number.
- 42Convenience samplingWhoever is easiest to contact. Fine with manipulated variables.
- 43Purposive samplingOne kind of person, selected at locations they might frequent.
- 44Snowball samplingWhen a researcher studies acquaintances and then asks them to ask their friends.
- 45Error of EstimationDifference between sample population and parent population.
- 46PowerThe ability for a research design to detect effects of variables.
- 47Random assignmentA way of assigning participants into groups so that each condition is about the same.
- 48Cross-sectional survey designWhen a group or cross section is surveyed
- 49Successive independent samples survey design2 or more samples ask the same questions at different points (so through time)
- 50Longitudinal or panel survey designWhen one group is surveyed on more than one occasion.
- 51Demographic researchUnderstanding life events. Forecast events.
- 52Epidemiological researchLifestyle choices and the occurrance and prevalence of mental illness.
- 533 rules for describing and presenting dataConciseness, accuracy and understandability.
- 54Simple frequency distributionNumber of participants who obtain each score
- 55Grouped frequency distributionSubset of scores is shown, and relative frequency or proportion for each subset. Used when data is too big.
- 56Frequency histograms/polygonsUsing graphs or lines to indicate frequency.
- 57Confidence intervalReliability of an estimate. Chance that it can be replicated.
- 58Standard deviationEstimate the percentage of people who got a certain score
- 59Z-ScoreDescribe someone's score in relation to the rest of the data.
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- observation, self report, samples, descriptive research
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- rsprinse
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