Flashcards
Study guide ch. 4-6
Cards in this deck (38)
- 1Tuskegee Syphilis StudyIn the 1900's noticed that 35% of poor black men had syphilis infection. Tuskegee institute in Alabama began a study to learn the impact of long term illness with syphilis. They lied to them and said that they were getting medical care for "bad blood". They even did a medical procedure so that they could follow disease progression, but told them it was treatment for the bad blood and it was free. When a cure was found for syphilis they did not provide it to the treatment participants.
- 2Milgram obedience study-illustrates an ethical balance
- Study about obedience to authority. teacher is to punish the learner by giving electrical shock at increasing intensity, each time he makes mistakes on task. The electric shocks are so high that the learner no longer responds. Nearly all the teachers followed instructions and delivered the shocks to the learners. - 3Tuskegee Syphilis study illustrated three major ethics violations-not treated respectfully
-harmed
-disadvantaged group (african americans were used) - 4Milgram obedience studies(ethical violations)-stressful experience
-though informed afterwards it was too late - 5Milgram obedience study(countering concerns)-Debriefing
- Balancing risk to participants with benefit to society - 6Debriefingcarefully being informed about the study's hypothesis
- 7What are two primary concerns that have been raised against Milgram obedience studies? How did Milgram and his supporters counter these concerns.-Extremely stressful to the teacher participants and the lasting effects of the study, the thought that they had participated in hurting someone stuck with them for a long time.
-Milgram said that the men had learned something about themselves, it was a valuable experience. he had them interviewed by a psychiatrist and they said that they were no longer suffering from the experience. - 8Belmont reportPrinciples and applications-documents which outlined three main principles for guiding ethical decision making
- 9What are the three belmont report principles?1. respect for persons.
2. beneficence
3. Justice - 10principle of respect for personsindividuals participating in research should be treated as autonomous agents. They should be free to make up their own mins about whether they wish to participate in a research study.
-everyone is entitled to informed consent
-2nd provision: less autonomy - 11informed consenteach person learns about the research project, knows the ricks and benefits and decides whether to participate-researchers are not allowed to mislead or coerce.
- 12When does coercion occur?Coercion occurs when researchers imply that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence.
- 13less autonomyEntitled to special protection when it comes to informed consent. For example, Children, people with intellectual or developmental disabilities and prisoners should be protected, according to the Belmont report.
- 14principle of beneficenceResearchers must take precautions to protect research participants from harm and to ensure their well-being. Researchers need to carefully assess the risks and benefits of the research they plan to conduct. They must also consider others who might benefit or be harmed. The Tuskegee Syphilis study not only failed to protect the participants from harm but also kept them from receiving treatment.
- 15the principle of justicefair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.
- 16Three most common roles of psychologistsresearch scientists, educators, and practitioners
- 17Five General APA Ethical Principles1.Beneficence and nonmaleficence
2. Fidelity and responsibility
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for people's rights and dignity - 18Ten Specific Ethical Standards-Institutional Review Boards
-Informed Consent
-Deception
-Debriefing
-Research Misconduct(Data Fabrication/Data Falsification/Plagiarism)
-Animal Research ( Legal protection for laboratory Animals/ Animal Care Guidelines and the Three R's/ Attitudes of Scientists and Students Toward Animal Research/ Attitudes of Animal Rights Groups/ Ethically Balancing Animal Welfare, Animal rights, and Animal Research) - 19Beneficence and nonmaleficenceTreat people in ways that ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society.
- 20Fidelity and responsibilityEstablish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior(in research, teaching, and clinical practice.)
- 21IntegrityStrive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as a researcher, teacher, or practitioner.
- 22JusticeStrive to treat all groups of people fairly. Sample research participants from the same populations that will benefit from the research. Be aware of the biases.
- 23Respect for people's right and dignityRecognize that people are autonomous agents. Protect people's rights, including the right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research, and the right to have participation treated confidentially. Understand that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent, and take precautions against coercing such people.
- 24institutional review board (IRB)committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is done ethically.
-It includes at least five people, some whom must come from specified backgrounds.
-provides a neutral, multiperspective judgement on any study's ethicality. - 25Informed consentresearcher's obligation to explain the study to potential participants in everyday language, and give them a chance to decide whether to participate.
- 26deceptionThe withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through comimssion).
- 27DebriefingResearchers describe the nature of the deception and explain why it was necessary.
-The researcher describes the design of the study, thereby giving the participant some insight about the nature of psychological science. - 28What are two forms of research misconduct?Data fabrication and Data falsification and plagiarism
- 29Data fabricationInstead of recording what really happened in a study, researchers invent data that fit their hypothesis.
- 30Data falsificationoccurs when researchers influence the study's results, perhaps by selectively deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in a hypothesized way.
- 31plagiarismrepresenting the ideas of words of others as one's own. ( the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.)
- 32Animal ResearchMust care for them humanely, must use as few animals as possible, and must be sure their research is valuable enough to justify the use animals.
- 33IACUCinstitutional animal care and use committee(must approve any animal research project before it can begin.)
- 34What are the three R's for animal care guidelinesreplacement
refinement
reduction - 35replacementreplacement means researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when necessary. For example, some studies can use computer simulations instead of animal subjects.
- 36refinementresearchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress.
- 37reductionresearchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible.
- 38—
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- Research Methods Flashcards on Study guide ch. 4-6, created by Grace Burns on 14/03/2019.
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