Flashcards
Additional biology - Protiens
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1What are proteins made of?Proteins are made of very large molecules and amino acids
- 2What is an enzyme?An enzyme is a substance that speeds up reactions in living things - they are biological catalysts
- 3What are the three ways in which enzymes are used?-Enzymes that work inside cells controlling reactions
-Enzymes that work outside cells, in our gut where they digest our food
-Enzymes that work for us in the home or industry - 4What is the substrate of an enzyme?The substrate is what the enzyme works on
- 5What is the active site of the enzyme?The active site is a region on the surface of the enzyme that matches the substrate.
- 6What are enzymes made up of?Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids. Each chain folds in a particular way to form a particular shape. If anything changes this shape such as the temperature the enzyme will not work - the enzyme has been denatured
- 7What is the best Ph for Enzymes?Enzymes have an optimum Ph, where they work best. For enzymes that work inside cells this Ph is around neutral. Some digestive enzymes have extremes of optimum pH ; for example protein-digesting enzymes in the stomach have an optimum Ph of about 2-3 (strong acid).
- 8What types of enzymes work inside cells?Enzymes that catalyze the processes of respiration, protein synthesis and photosynthesis. In protein synthesis enzymes inside cells catalyze the reactions that build up amino acids into proteins.
- 9What are the factors that increase the speed of enzyme activity?-The temperature (optimum, denatured)
-The Ph (optimum)
-The amount of substrate
-The amount of enzyme
-Presence of inhibitors - 10How do digestive enzymes work?Specialized cells in glands in the lining of the gut secrete digestive enzymes. These enzymes pass into the gut where they break the food down into smaller, soluble molecules. As food passes along the gut the digested molecules are absorbed into the blood. What is left is all the stuff that cannot be absorbed: plant fiber, bacteria, dead cells, some digestive juices and water.
- 11Enzymes in the salivary glandsSaliva contains amylase, and enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. This is the first stage in the chemical digestion of food.
- 12The liverThe liver secretes bile. Bile is stored in the gall bladder then released into the small intestine. It contains no enzymes but it does emulsify lipids-it turns large droplets into smaller ones, giving a large surface area for the lipase enzymes to work on.
- 13The colona large intestine, Region of water absorption. Faeces are stored in the rectum before being removed through the anus.
- 14The mouthChewing is the mechanical breakdown of food, making it smaller and mixing it with saliva so it can be swallowed.
- 15StomachThe thick muscular wall churns food and secretes gastric juice. This contains hydrochloric acid and a protease enzyme. The enzyme begins the digestion of protein, breaking it down into short chains of amino acids, The stomach has a much lower pH than the rest of the gut.
- 16PancreasPancreatic juice contains lots of different enzymes including protease, lipase and amylase.
- 17Small intestineThe main region of digestion and absorption. The gut wall secretes protease, lipase and amylase. Digestive juices from the pancreas and liver are also added here.
- 18What are the best conditions for Enzymes in the stomachProtease Enzymes released in the stomach work most effectively in very acidic conditions, so glands in the stomach wall secrete hydrochloric acid at the same time as the protease enzymes.
- 19Enzymes in the small intestine conditionsThe protease, amylase and lipase enzymes released in the small intestine work most effectively in mildly alkaline conditions. Bile neutralizes the acid that was added to food in the stomach.
- 20Amylase enzymeAmylase breaks down starch into glucose
- 21ProteaseProtease breaks down proteins into amino acids. This is a two stage process. Proteins are first digested into short chains of amino acids, then into individual amino acids.
- 22Lipids (fats/oils)lipids are broken down by lipase enzymes into fatty acids and glycerol
- 23What are the uses of enzymes?-In laundry detergents
-in the food industry - 24Enzymes in laundry detergentsBiological washing powders and dishwasher detergents have enzymes added in order to break down fat, protein and starch stains.
- 25Enzymes in the food industryFructose is a sweeter sugar than glucose or sucrose. High-fructose syrup i sin big demand by makers of sweet food and drinks because they can use less, so it is cheaper. It is also easier to make low-calorie foods using fructose.
- 26How is fructose made?Fructose is made in a two stage process:
-The carbohydrases amylase and maltase are used to convert starch into glucose syrup.
-Isomerase is used to convert glucose syrup into fructose (glucose and fructose are isomers of each other-they have the same atoms but slightly different structure) - 27Protease What it does? Why is it useful?-digests protein stains such as gravy, egg, and blood in washing powders
-Digests protein in baby food, which makes baby food easier to chew and digest - 28Lipase What it does Why it is usefulDigests lipid stains such as cooking oil, used in washing powders
- 29Carbohydrase What it does why is it usefulDigests starch into glucose, step 1 in making high fructose-syrup
- 30Isomerase what it does why is it usefulConverts glucose into fructose,step 2 in making high fructose syrup
- 31Why are enzymes used in industry?To make reactions happen at normal temperatures and pressures otherwise expensive equipment that require large amounts of energy would be needed. The enzyme is not used up so it can be used again and again.
- 32What are the problems which enzymes being used in industry?Each enzyme works on only one substrate, and in particular pH and temperature conditions. Finding new Enzymes to work on a particular substrate in an industrial process can be very costly
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- Flashcards on Additional biology - Protiens, created by olly_rogers on 14/04/2015.
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