Flashcards
Paper 2- Language Variety
Cards in this deck (9)
- 1What is Codification?Codification is the process of standardizing a norm for a language. This includes creating official rules for grammar, spelling and pronunciation, as well as publishing dictionaries and similar guidelines. The origins of accent prejudice stem from the codification of Standard English.
- 2What is Accommodation?A theory of communication developed by Howard Giles. It argues that "when people interact they adjust their speech, their vocal patterns and their gestures, to accommodate to others". It includes converging (moving towards) or diverging (moving away) from the language of others.
- 3What is Estuary English?A modified regional speech, based in London, which is in the middle ground between RP and London Slang.
-widely established in the city
-the 'language of the future'
.-fewer glottal stops than London Slang, but more than RP.
-greater use of question tags and a narrower frequency band of pitch than RP. - 4What is Street Slang?Street Slang is a patois (non standard dialect), used as a form of identity and solidarity. In London, it is Jafaican (based on Jamaican patois with undertones of West African and Indian.) It is used for social cohesion (creating a bond to hold a group together), and often appears aggressive due to fricative phonemic features and elision of letters, as a form of defiance towards standard forms of language.
- 5What is Dialectal Levelling?Dialectal Levelling is the process in which structural variation in dialects is reduced, caused by increased contact between dialects. This occurs from migration, social mobility and social networking, which the rise of in society has caused dialectal levelling to also increase.
- 6What is the Code theory?Bernstein (1971) created two dialectal varieties: Elaborate and Restricted code. Restricted code is often hard to understand in situations where the speakers do not have shared knowledge of the context. Elaborate is used in more upper class, formal situations, and contains a wider linguistic variety. Bernstein argues than one code is not better than the other, but society may place different values.
- 7What is the matched guise test?The matched guise test was invented by Lambert in 1970, and is used to investigate attitudes towards accent and dialectal varieties. Listeners will hear a passage read by the same speaker in two different accents, and without seeing the speaker, will rate them on several personality and physical traits. The stereotypes prevalent in their societies will therefore be apparent from the assumptions people made on these speakers.
- 8What is Overt and Covert Prestige?William Labov (1966)
Overt prestige: the standard usually has overt prestige; socially acknowledged as ‘correct’ and therefore valued highly among all speakers of the language.
Covert prestige: Non-standard varieties are often said to have covert prestige- showing solidarity to regional dialect - 9What is Martha's Vineyard?On Martha's Vineyard a small group of fishermen began to exaggerate a tendency already existing in their speech. They did this seemingly subconsciously, in order to establish themselves as an independent social group with superior status to the despised summer visitors.
Information
- Description
- AS - Level English Language (Paper 2) Flashcards on Paper 2- Language Variety, created by no no on 10/03/2016.
- Created by
- no no
- Views
- 11
- Rating