Flashcards
The Spoken Mode
Cards in this deck (33)
- 1The Spoken Modecbcb
- 2Differences between written and spoken texts: Written: -More formal (high register) -Symbols used -Formally taught -Punctuation used -Proof-read/edit-drafting -Paragraphs -Permanent record -Audience not presentSpoken:
-Less formal (low register)
-Phonemes used
-Paralinguistic features used (body language etc)
-Spontaneous
-Fillers&hedges used
-Sociolect
-Turn taking
-Temporary
-Listener present - 3Spontaneous Speechcbcb
- 4Back-channellingUsed to give feedback to the speaker that what they’re saying is being understood - e..g. “I see."
- 5Non-fluency featuresDevices that interrupt the flow of talk. They help to show relationship between two speakers or demonstrate a speakers attitude toward a subject
- 6ElisionThe slurring together of sounds or syllables - e.g. “gonna” instead of “going to”. This saves time and is less formal
- 7HedgingShows uncertainty - words like “perhaps” or “maybe” are used to weaken the force of what you’re saying
- 8Interactional LanguageThe language of informal speech that is used to develop relationships
- 9Referential LanguageProvides the listener with information. It is used to refer to objects that the listener must know about
- 10Expressive LanguageHighlights the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes. It’s likely to contain adverbs and adjectives
- 11Transactional LanguageLanguage driven by needs and wants; the speaker wants to get information or make a deal
- 12Phatic languageUsed for social purposes rather than to convey any serious meaning - known as small talk. It starts a conversation and moves onto another topic
- 13Ephemeral LanguageA term that means 'lasting for a short time' - e.g. transitory
- 14How people respond to otherscbcb
- 15Tag questionsInvites responses at the end of a statement - e.g. “The lecture is boring, isn’t it?”
- 16FeedbackUsed by a listener to show that he/she is listening - e.g. “mm-hmm”, smiling etc
- 17Turn-takingPeople pause or make a final statement so the other person can join in
- 18Conversational AnalysisProvides a method for looking at multi-speaker discourse, largely based on the concept of the conversational turn and the basic consequence of that turn
- 19Adjacency pairTwo utterances by different speakers which have a natural and logical link and complete an idea together. Simply constructed of two turns
- 20Exchange structureA series of turns between speakers
- 21Turn-takingThe sharing of speaking roles - usually cooperatively
- 22However, conversations are rarely straightforward and speakers will often insert information at various points.cbcb
- 23Initiation-response-feedback (IRF)Allows the first speaker to feedback on the response of a second speaker
- 24Insertion sequenceAn additional sequence in the body of an exchange structure
- 25Transitional relevance pointsOccurs as a result of natural pauses or a complete break in speech by the speaker
- 26The decision as to what gets talked about is termed topic management and powerful participants - those who hold some degree of status in a conversation and can control it direction and the potential of speakers to contribute.cbcb
- 27Active ListenersPhrases that encourage the speaker
- 28Conversational MarkersPhrases that draw the listener in by asking for approval
- 29FillersSounds which fill up pauses in speech
- 30Paralinguistic FeaturesDescribe ways in which speech is delivered. They influence what the words mean and help to convey things like humour, sarcasm or emphasis
- 31False starts - when we begin to create our speech but then stop to think Fillers - words that don't have any meaning-used to buy time Interaction - input from different people and how they act and react to one another Interruption - when someone interrupts whilst someone is talking Overlap - where more than one speaker talks at once Vague language - words or phrases that fill gaps in conversation Feedback - a verbal nod to show that a person is listening Pause/hesitation - a pause or breaking conversation Micro pause - pause lasting less than a secondTone - the way the speaker talks
Stress - when a speaker emphasises a particular word or phrase
Rhythm - the order or pace words are spoken in
Gestures - movement that helps convey what a speaker is saying
Body language - the way someone's body is positioned
Facial expression - convey emotions through the speakers face
Eye contact - where two speakers look one another in the eye
Volume - how loud a speaker is talking
Pace - the speed that words are said
Pitch - how high or low a speaker talks on a melodic scale - 32Transcript Symbols(.) - Indicates a brief pause
(2) - Indicates, in seconds, the length of the pause
/ - Indicates over- lapping speech
(Laughs) - Explains paralinguistic features - 33Transcript Rules-No capitalization apart from first person pronoun and proper nouns
-No punctuation apart from possessive and omission apostrophes.
-Standard spelling unless elision is used
-The speaker is identified clearly
-The length of pause is indicated through the number of seconds in brackets.
-Overlaps and interruptions are indicated by a forward slash /. The point of overlap/interruption is picked up on the line below.
-Paralinguistic features and prosodic features are written in italics, in square brackets
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- A-Level English Language (Year 12) Flashcards on The Spoken Mode, created by Damita Dickerson on 21/05/2016.
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- Damita Dickerson
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